Term
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Definition
A-Band = ALL of myosin (length same) = dark
I-Band = JUST actin (length shorten) = light
H-Zone = JUST myosin (length shorten)
Z-Line = end-to-end point of sarcomeres (within I-Band) = moves toward center during contraction |
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Term
| Energy for contraction comes from |
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Definition
| hydrolysis (breakdown) of ATP into ADP and Pi by myosin ATPase (myosin ATPase located at head of crossbridge |
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Term
Cross-Bridge Cyclig
(Excitation-Contraction Phase, Contraction Phase, Relaxation Phase) |
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Definition
Calcium binds to troponing causing a conformational shift in tropomyosin
Myosin head binds to actin (allowed by conformational change of tropmoyosin) and CONTRACTS
SR calcium pump moves calcium back into sarcoplasmic reticulum |
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Term
| Depolarization of _________ causes release of calcium from _________________. |
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Definition
T-tubule
sarcoplasmic reticulum |
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Term
| Muscle action potential depolarizes __________ at the _______ junction of the sarcomere |
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Definition
T-tubules
A-I junction (ALL of myosin and JUST actin) |
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Term
| Motor Neuron / Alpha Motor Neuron (def) |
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Definition
| neuron extending from spinal cord innervating skeletal muscle fibers |
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Term
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Definition
| One motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers/cells it innervates (# of fibers in a motor unit varies from muscle to muscle) |
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Term
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Definition
Number of muscle fibers in a motor unit
(fine motor ~ 23/1 ; large muscles ~ 1000-2000/1) |
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Term
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Definition
| Happens when a muscle is given a single electrical stimulus or a single action potential is transmitted |
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Term
| Fast-twitch fibers contract at a faster rate because... |
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Definition
1) calcium is released faster
2) higher ATPase activity
3) greater rate of calcium uptake |
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Term
| Fast twitch fiber times for latent period, contraction and relaxation ~ |
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Definition
| a few milliseconds, 40ms, 50ms (relaxation always longer than contraction) |
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Term
Summation (def)
Tetanus (def) |
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Definition
Summation = stimulating a muscle numerous times without allowing for relaxation
Tetanus = further increase in frequency of stimulation (rapidly repeated neural impulse = normal movements) |
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Term
Type I Muscle Fiber
size
color
fatigue
force
mitochondria
capillaries
oxygen? |
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Definition
| smallest, darkest, fatigue resitant, low tension, high mitochondria size/density, high capillary, aerobic (chicken leg) |
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Term
Type II Muscle Fiber
size
color
fatigue
force
mitochondria
capillaries |
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Definition
| large, intermediate color, fatigue resistant,intermediate force, intermediate mitchondria size/density |
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Term
Type IIx(b) Muscle Fiber
size
color
fatigue
force
mitochondria
capillaries
oxygen? |
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Definition
| largest, lightest, high fatigue, high force, low mitochondria size/density, low capillary density anaerobic, high in glycolytic enzymes |
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Term
| Motor Unit recruitment patterns - amount of force depends on 3 factors |
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Definition
1) number and type of motor units recruited
2) initial length of muscle (w/ respect to resting length)
3) nature of neural stimulation (frequency of activation) |
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Term
| When are muscle fibers contracting maximally? |
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Definition
When the Motor Unit is contracting at a stimulation frequency that elicits tetanic contraction
mild-moderate voluntary contractions ~ 10-20Hz (submaximal frequency)
maximal voluntary contraction ~ 40Hz produces maximal tetanic contraction |
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Term
| Submaximal contractions (non-tetanic) aren't jerky because.... |
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Definition
| multiple motor units are firing asynchronously to smooth out the force produced |
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Term
| Small muscles/motor units rely on _____________ to increase force production, whereas large muscles/motor units rely more on __________ to modulate force production |
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Definition
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Term
| Force Production: Training helps with (3 things) |
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Definition
1) firing rate
2) recruitment
3) synchronization |
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Term
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Definition
Loss of muscle mass
10% in 25-50
40% in 50-80
particularly type IIx |
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Term
| 4 one-way valves of the heart |
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Definition
right tricuspid
left bicuspid
right ventricle-pulmonary semilunar
left ventricle-aortic semilunar |
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Term
| Atria receive _____________ innervation, ventricles receive ______________ |
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Definition
parasympathetic and sympathetic
sympathetic only |
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Term
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Definition
P = depolarization of atria
QRS = depolarization of ventricles (repolarization of atria hidden)
T = repolarization of ventricles |
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Term
| 70-80% of decline in MAP occurs in |
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Definition
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Term
| Although capillaries are small in diamete, they are large in number and run parallel to each other which ___________ resistance |
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Definition
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Term
Conducting Zone
Respiratory Zone |
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Definition
trachea
bronchi
bronchioles
terminal bronchioles
respiratory bronchioles
alveolar ducts
alveolar sacs |
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Term
inspiration = intrapulmonary pressure (<,>,=) atmospheric pressure
expiration = intrapulmonary pressure(<,>,=) atmospheric pressure |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Movement of molecules due to a pressure difference at both ends (intrapulmonary vs atmospheric) |
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