Term
|
Definition
~admirer of Enlightenment, claimed to be son of French Revolution
~personally supervised writing of new constitution (made wealth the determinant of status)
~his reign was watershed in French state making
~further centralized French state and extended its reach
~made it more efficient by codifying laws, creating new bureaucratic structures
~made a new social hierocracy based upon state service |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| strategically important Mediterranean island, French took in 1768. (Ironic that Napoleon would have been British if his father followed Paoli into exile). Napoleon born here, he had a strong Corsican accent which was mocked as well as his relatively humble economic status. |
|
|
Term
| Napoleon favored Revolution |
|
Definition
1) wanted to see curtailment of abuses of the Old Regime
2) hoped Revolution might end his island status within France as little more than conquered territory
3) thought French Revolution might provide him with opportunity with promotion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In the Paris of Thermidor, Napoleon helped to put down a royalist uprising on October 6, 1795. Attracted attention of Josephine de Beauharnais, lover of one of the corrupted directors and widow of a member of the National Assembly. They would get married. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Directors made Napoleon commander of the Army of Italy. Seemed appropriate to now change Italian spelling of his name. Buonaparteà Napolean Bonaparte. His great success against the Austrians and their allies in Italy made him very popular! |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Napoleon now conducted military and foreign policy virtually by himself. Established subsequent peace with Austria at Campo Formio (October 18, 1797) which gave France control of the Austrian Netherlands, Venetia and the Cisalpine Republic in northern and central Italy. For the moment, only Great Britain was the enemy. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| He thus turned attention to Middle East, started on a spectacular voyage to Egypt, part of the Ottoman Empire. He + 35,000 soldiers + shipload of scientists. Captured island of Malta, defeated Egyptian forces at the Battle of the Pyramids in July 1789. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tiny British admiral Horatio Nelson trapped and destroyed the French fleet on August 1, 1798. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Russia and Austria, their respective interests threatened by French campaigners in the east formed the coalition against France which Turkey also joined. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In Paris, was plotting to overthrow the Directory. Such a venture required participation of a powerful general -->would be Napoleon. With the coup d’etat of the 18th of Brumaire in 1799, the two of them overthrew the Directory. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Napoleon sought to make state administration more efficient and uniform
-Napoleon's aggressive conquests--> centralized bureaucratic govt and property based legal system
-Napoleon created a social hierarchy based on service to state not on blood
-Beyond French borders, empire was based on imperial system in which Napoleon's relatives were heads of state |
|
|
Term
| Napoleon's Council of State |
|
Definition
-most prestigious and administrative body of empire
-oversaw finance, interior affairs, and war
-members advised the emperor and drew up laws and regulations to be approved by the legislative body
-the Senate, Legislative Body, Tribunate, and Council of State's influence of Napoleon eventually reduced (Tribunate was eliminated in 1807) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-established in 1800
-facilitated state's ability to borrow money
-abandoned inflated paper money-->stabilized economy
-facilitated assessment and collection of taxes
-Napoleon expanded number of indirect taxes on salt, tobacco, liquor, and goods brought into a town with 5000+ inhabitants |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Napoleon believed schools could create patriotic and obedient citizens by teaching secular values-->ultimately link education to nationalism
-Lycées:
-established in 1802 by Napoleon
-state secondary schools for relatively few boys who went beyond primary school
-students only read textbooks approved by the emperor
-1808, Napoleon created France's first public university system.
- he charged it with "directing political and moral opinions"
-education became valuable and a means of social ascension |
|
|
Term
| Napoleonic Code (Civil Code of 1804): |
|
Definition
-many of the cahiers submitted to Louis XVI had asked for a uniform French law.The Convention had begun this process but was interrupted by the Revolution.
-So Napoleon ordered the Council of State to seek advice from lawyers to codify the laws of the land
-made the rights of property owners sacrosanct
-equality of people before the law and freedom of religion
-reflected Napoleon's attitude towards family-->family was most important intermediary btwn the state and individual
-reaffirmed patriarchal nature of traditional family
-parents could put children in jail and had authority of their marriage
-equal inheritance of all children |
|
|
Term
| Social Foundations: Imperial Hierarchy |
|
Definition
-empire favored middle class
-elimination of legal barriers to social ascension-->wealth determined status
-Elite of Notables: rewarded those who served Napoleon with prestigious titles and positions
-Legion of Honor: established in May 1802, reward to those who served the nation with distinction
- Legions of Honor could be awarded to people from conquered lands |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Senate- appointed by consuls
-Senate chose men from list of 6,000 “notabilities” to be in Tribunate
-Council of State propose Legislation
-Tribunate- reviews legislation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Reconciling Catholic Church with France
-Pope Pius VII: Wanted to make peace
-Concordat- gives freedom of worship to Jews and Protestants
-Pissed off Napoleon’s supporters on left, called the Ideologues because they thought that it was against one of the objectives of the French Revolution |
|
|
Term
| Napoleon defeats Austrian army in June 1800 |
|
Definition
| over disagreements of Treaty of Campo Formio à Treaty of Luneville- Austria reaffirms conditions of Treaty of Campo Formio |
|
|
Term
| rumored conspiracy to kill Napoleon |
|
Definition
Napoleon insists that Bourbon family has something to do with it
-French troops go to Baden and arrest and kill Louis de Bourbon-Conde
-This angered lots of people, including public figures such as Beethoven |
|
|
Term
| When does Napoleon become emperor? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1802 Napoleon tries to win back control of Haiti to get slavery back into France in response to sugar planters- French soldiers are killed by disease in Haiti, France surrenders, Haiti is independent à France loses a lot of money, so Napoleon sells Louisiana Territory to U.S. for 60 million francs- doubles size of U.S. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-July 1805- Russia and Austria join Britain- make Third Coalition against Napoleon
-Alexander I becomes tsar of Russia |
|
|
Term
| Battle of Trafalgar outcome |
|
Definition
| gives Britain control of seas- near Gibraltar |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| France defeats Austrians and Russians in October 1805 in Battle of Ulm- Napoleon tricks the Austrian and Russian army- Austria asks for peace and gives up land in Italy and Dalmatia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
King of Prussia is scared into signing an alliance with France
-France humiliates Prussia by fighting them on October 14th, 1806, and occupying the Prussia capital at Berlin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| July 1807- Prussia loses territory in west Germany and Poland which becomes the Kingdom of Westphalia and Grand Duchy of Warsaw |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
stretching troops across a line three men deep and bunching in columns
-Great at assessing weak point of another army |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| who tried system of caring for soldiers in the heat of battle |
|
|
Term
| Plan for Continental System |
|
Definition
November 1806 Napoleon announced the Continental System –prohibited trade with Britain and hoped would strangle its economy by closing all continental ports to British ships.
French merchants and manufacturers would profit through the captive markets of the continent. Hoped for British people to be disturbed by this economic hardship and rebel against government. |
|
|
Term
| Conflict with Continental System |
|
Definition
The continental coastline is huge,
British navy is strong,
British merchants and smugglers were resourceful and they continued to find American markets for trade.
France had lack of iron ore and coal available, lack of capital accumulation and investment overwhelming allocation of the nation’s material and human resources to war prevented French merchants from being able to make up for the absence of British goods.
Banning of Brit. Imports lead to innovations in France (Jacquard loom for silk weaving, planting of sugar beet) |
|
|
Term
| U.S. + Britain + France Response to Continental System |
|
Definition
The British response: British govt’- “Orders in Council” Nov. and Dec. 1807- demanded that trading ships under all flags purchase a license in a British port. – Brit. and American quarreling- U.S. France’s main trading partners
The French Response- Napoleon- Milan Decrees- threat to seize any ship that had traded with Britain or allowed ship searched by Brit. ships. – French decline in customs revenue and so they made the system less strict selling special licenses and placing taxes on Brit. goods to bring in revenue. – economic depression in 1811 brought apart blockade.
US. Government- opposed searching of their vessels by Brit. inspectors- Anglo-American breaking relations.
Failure- War of 1812 could not destroy Brit. economy, Brit. upper class resentment of Fr. ENCOURAGING OF Irish insurrection, Tory govt. (governed Brit. throughout rev. and Napoleonic periods) committed to defeating Bonaparte. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(1808- 1813) in Spain
Napoleon’s Plan: agreement with Charles VI that permitted FR, troops to pass through to go to conquer Portugal (Britain’s ally, because promised to give Portugal independence from Spain & Portuguese wine wanted by opulent British people) Fr. Army march to Lisbon and Por. Royal family fled to Brazil-
March 1808 abdication of Charles IV and succession of son, Ferdinand VII, Napoleon kingdom of Spain in his own hands, abdicated Ferdinand and put on older brother, Joseph Bonaparte, (Naples to King of Spain!) |
|
|
Term
| Problems and Defeat in Peninsular War |
|
Definition
Resistance of the Spanish and the Portuguese people.
Ecclesiastical reforms by Joseph and Napoleon, included reduction of # of monastic convents by 2/3 & abolition of Inquisition- angered the Church( powerful force in Spanish life)- Napoleon saw some support from the urban middle class
Span. Nobility joined with old allies, the clergy.
French defeat: French forces easy targets for small mobile Spanish guerillas (disappeared into Spanish landscape) and also there was aid form the British troops led by Arthur Wellsley (later duke of Wellington)
1810- 350,000 French troops stuck on the Iberian peninsula
Spain fighting for the “Church and the King” sustained the first successful guerilla war.
(Francisco Goya’s The Third of May, 1818, depicts the execution of Madrid citizens by French soldiers in the Iberian Peninsula) |
|
|
Term
| Constitution proposed by the Spanish Cortes in 1812 at Cadiz |
|
Definition
reflected influence of French Rev.
- Freedom of press,
- established an assembly to be elected by a relatively wide electorate, and
- abolished the Inquisition.
- Never implemented because of the eclipse of Spanish liberals in the wake of the conservative action
- Self consciously nationalist document
Some Spaniards were becoming increasingly aware of their own shared linguistic, cultural, and historical trad. |
|
|
Term
| What does Napoleon's increasing bad reputation lead to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Military Reforms in Prussia and Austria |
|
Definition
The successes of Napoleon’s armies lead Prussia and Austria to enact military reforms.
Abolished serfdom in 1807,
1810- allowed peasants to convert the land they worked into their own property,
Other reforms removed class barriers that had prevented the selling of the land between class barriers between nobles and non nobles that had served to keep the middle class form assuming the military rank of officer.
(Ex. Prussian commander Baron Heiinrich Karl vom zum Stein- appointed some commoners to be officers and cashiered some of the more inept noble commanders. Established the ministry of war- decision making taken away from the king. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (April 11, 1814) – exile Napoleon to an island near Italy. He could only be emperor of Elba. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Charter – signed by Louis XVIII; justified monarchy be divine right, equality before law, freedom of expression/religion, right to elect members of legislature
The return of the émigrés & retirement of 14,000 officers to ½ pay |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(June 18, 1815) – French led by Napoleon vs. British + Prussians led by Wellington. Completely defeated the French. Two days before this Napoleon won a battle against the Prussians.
After losing at Waterloo, shipped to the Island of St. Helena where he died in 1821 of stomach ulcer. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (1766-1817) – Swiss woman writer. Wrote Napoleon considered people as his tools, didn’t regard them as his equals. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Austria was represented by Prince Klemens von Metternich
The Russians sent Alexander I, the tsar of Russia. The main delegate from Prussia was Prince Karl August von Hardenberg, and Great Britain was represented by Lord Castlereagh, and later Arthur Wellesley, the first duke of Wellingtom.
Important Decisions-
France was deprived of all territory conquered by Napoleon
The Dutch Republic was united with the Austrian Netherlands to form a single kingdom of the Netherlands under the House of Orange.
Norway and Sweden were joined under a single ruler
Switzerland was declared neutral
Russia got Finland and effective control over the new kingdom of Poland
Prussia was given much of Saxony and important parts of Westphalia and the Rhine Province.
Austria was given back most of the territory it had lost and was also given land in Germany and Italy (Lombardia and Venice)
Britain got several strategic colonial territories, and they also gained control of the seas.
France was restored under the rule of Louis XVIII.
Spain was restored under Ferdinand VII |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| zither like instrument—stringed instruments |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| To share the same interest |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Each have their own interests |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| to kick, to play football |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Playing music to cattle, it is useless to talk to somebody who doesn't understand you at all |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
