Term
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Definition
--cannon, iron or bronze guns that fired iron or stone balls
-they emitted noises and great flashes of fire
-could batter down fortresses and city walls
-caravel, a small, light, 3-masted sailing ship
-held more cargo and highly maneuverable
-magnetic compass
-enabled sailors to determine their direction and position at
sea
-astrolabe
-used to determine altitude of the sun and other celestial
bodies, plotting latitude |
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Definition
--prince Henry=the Navigator because of the school he established for the study of geography and navigation and for the annual expeditions he sent down the western coast of Africa
-main explorer for Portugal |
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Term
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Definition
-was greatly stipulated by the existence of a ready market
in the vineyards and sugar plantations of Sicily and
Majorca |
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Definition
--Muslims controlled at first
-then Portugal controlled it
-spice trade
-“middle men” |
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Term
| 16th century commercial capital |
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Definition
--Antwerp during the 16th century
-at the end of the 16th century, Amsterdam took over
Antwerp |
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Term
| Dutch East India Co./17th century |
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Definition
--reaped enormous wealth
-dominated the European economy even though it was a
small country in size
-became the major organ of Dutch imperialism and within a few decades expelled the Portuguese from Ceylon and other East Indian Islands
-by 1650, they successfully intruded on the Spanish possessions in the Americas, in the progess gaining control of much of the African and American trade |
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Term
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Definition
-religion was an opportunity
-curiosity of the physical universe |
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Term
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Definition
--was where France agreed to recognize the supremacy of the papacy under a universal council
-in return, the French crown gained the right to appoint all French bishops and abbots
-this gave the monarchy money and offices and power over the church
-the results:
¬-ecclesiastical offices were used to pay and reward civil servants
-Churchmen were promoted to the hierarchy because they rendered services to the state
-teachings of Luther/Calvin found a receptive audience here
-lasted until the French revolution |
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Term
| Hundred Years’ War/France |
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Definition
--a labor shortage caused serfdom to almost disappear -the declining buying power of money hurt the nobility
-the increase in France’s population brought new lands under sultivation but the division of property among sons meant that most peasant holdings were very small
-domestic/foreign trade picked up |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| -the sale of public offices and a treaty with the papacy |
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Term
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Definition
| --in Italy, Milan, Sicily, Naples, and Sardinia |
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Term
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Definition
--Philip had the right to crush the Calvinist heriarchy
-they didn’t have any religious tolerance |
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Term
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Definition
--1st, the Bohemian phase
-a civil war between the Catholic League, led by Ferdinand, and the Protestant Union
-2nd, the Danish phase
-the participation of Christian IV of Denmark, the ineffective leader of the Protestants
-witnessed additional Catholic victories
-3rd the Swedish phase
-began with the arrival in Germany of the Swedish king, Gustavus Adolphus
-Cardinal Richelieu, the chief minister of King Louis XIII of France, subsidized the Swedes, hoping to weaken Hapsburg power in Europe
- Gustavus Adolphus won a brilliant victory at Breitenfield
-4th, the French/international phase
-the French entered the war on the Protestants’ side
-in 1634, Cardinal Richelieu declared war on Spain and
again sent financial and military assistance to the Swedes and the German Protestant princes |
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Term
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Definition
-3 developments
-wars in the Low Countries, the chide market for English woolens, badly hurt the English economy
-the murder of William the Silent in July 1584 eliminated the chief military check on the Farnese advance
-the collapse of Antwerp appeared to signal a Catholic sweep through the Netherlands |
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Term
| Columbian Changes and exchanges |
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Definition
--biosocial changes -maize, from the Amerindians
-diseases, syphilis from the Indians, small pox from the Europeans |
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Term
| Portuguese/Slaves/Product |
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Definition
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Term
| Divorce/16th-17th centuries |
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Definition
-Catholics viewed marriage as a sacramental union that could not be dissolved
-Protestants recognized a mutual right to divorce and remarriage for various reasons, including adultery and irreparable breakdown |
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Term
| Prostitution/16th-17th centuries |
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Definition
| -was common because poverty forced women and young men into it |
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Term
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Definition
--developed the essay
-wrote “The Essays” and “On Cannibal” |
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Term
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Definition
| --his history plays express English national consciousness |
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