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| Old Stone Age, a long period of human development before the development of agriculture. |
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| Period between Paleolithic and the Neolithic era. |
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| New Stone Age (10,000-4000 B.C.E.), which was marked by the discovery and mastery of agriculture. |
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| The period before the invention of writing. |
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| Term meaning "between the rivers," in this case the Tigris and Euphrates; Sumer and Akkad are two of the earliest societies. |
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| An ancient civilization extending over a large area in East Asia that produced civilizations such as Han, Xin, and Zhou. |
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| The area extending approximately from central mexico to Honduras and Nicaragua in which diverse pre-Columbian civilizations flourished. |
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| Area in Africa that was home to some of the world's oldest civilizations which the Nile River runs through. |
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| To distribute over a greater or a relatively great area of space. |
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| The process by which a cultural trait, material object, idea, or behavior pattern is spread from one society to another. |
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| A series of actions or activities intended or tending toward a particular end. |
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| To ship (commodities) to other countries or places for sale, exchange, etc. |
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| The male sovereign or supreme ruler of an empire. |
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| An emperor or king (generally from Russia and comes from Caesar). |
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| Egyptian kings considered to be gods on earth. |
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| A person whose office it is to perform religious rites and to make sacrificial offerings (was generally the highest position in social order of ancient civilizations). |
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| A person whose religion is Judaism (monotheistic religion from the Old Testament). |
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| Followers of the religion that emerged from Middle East in the first century C.E. holding Jesus to be the son of God who sacrificed himself on behalf of mankind. |
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| Earliest Mesopotamian society. |
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| Religion, based on Four Noble Truths, associated with Siddhartha Gautama (563--483 B.C.E.), or the Buddha; its adherents desired to eliminate all distracting passion and reach nirvana. |
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| Main religion of India, a combination of Dravidian and Aryan concepts; Hinduism's goal is to reach spiritual purity and union with the great world spirit; its important concepts include dharma, karma, and samsara. |
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| Persian religion based on the teaching of the sixth-century-B.C.E. prophet Zarathustra; its emphasis on the duality of good and evil and on the role of individuals in determining their own fate would influence later religions. |
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| The philosophical system evolved by Lao-tzu and Chuang-tzu, advocating a life of complete simplicity and naturalness and of noninterference with the course of natural events, in order to attain a happy existence in harmony with the Tao. |
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| a material on which to write, prepared from thin strips of the pith of this plant laid together, soaked, pressed, and dried, used by the ancient Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans (Phoenicians imported it). |
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| A popular old world tree that had a strong scent (Phoenicians exported it). |
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| Dye that came from a special snail in Phoenicia that they exported/sold. |
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| Material made from copper and tin used for weapons and agricultural tools. |
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| The world's first complex civilization. Developed a writing system called calligraphy. |
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| A maritime civilization of the Mediterranean that developed extensive trade and communication networks as well as an early alphabetical script (1500 B.C.E). |
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| Of or pertaining to Egypt or its people. |
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| Early brilliant Indian society centered around Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro. |
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| A major river which flows through the full length of Pakistan. |
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| The largest river in India that gave rise to the start of many early Indian civilizations. |
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| Important river in ancient China named for the loess soil carried by the river. While "China's Sorrow" has flooded extensively, the loess provided rich soil to work. |
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| One of the two rivers which surrounds Mesopotamia. |
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