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| Armed pilgrimages to the Holy Land by Christians determined to recover Jerusalem from Muslim rule. The Crusades helped merchants in the Italian city-states increase their trade to the eastern Mediterranean and influecned elites in the Latin West to adopt customs and food from the Muslim and Asian worlds. |
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| The Black Death was the fourteenth century pandemic of the bubonic plague brought west by the Mongols. The rats adn fleas that carry the bacterial disease moved with those fleeing the Mongol siege of the Black Sea city of Kaffa. Over 30 percent of the populations in the Latin West and the Muslim world died. |
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| A fourteenth century Moroccan Muslim scholar who traveled throughout the Muslim world, including the Delhi Sultanate, Mongol Il-Khanate, the Mali Empire, and Granada. His travel book, a rihla, documents his views on the practice of Islam in the fourteenth centur and his role as an officla in the Delhi Sultanate. |
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| A thirteenth century Venetian merchant who traveled the land and sea silk routes during the time of the Pax Mongolica. His travel book detailed his experiences working in the Yuan Empire, the Mongol domain in China, and inspired many Europeans, inclduing Columbus, to find faster trade routes to Asia. |
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| Seagoing Scandinavians known for raiding coastal communitites Denmark, France, and the British Isles from the eighth to eleveneth centuries. Vikings settled in northern Europe and developed trade routes to the Mediterranean. In the East they were known as teh Varangians and traded slaves, amber, timber, fish, fur, and other products with the merchants of the Byzantine Empire. |
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| Where did merchants store their goods and treasures along the Silk Road? |
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| Merchants traveling and trading along the Silk Road found Buddhist monasteries convenient and safe places to store theri assets. The monasteries accepted t ehe aassets along with gifts from the merchants, inclduing funds to create Buddhist art such as the cave paintings at Dunhuang. |
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| William the Conqueror, the Norman leader of the Viking conqeust of England, needed a land survey so he could reward his vassals for their suport of the conquest, so he had the Domesday Record created in 1086. The book contains records of land, people, natural resources, and built environment. |
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| Migrations by peoples from Southeast Asia beginning probably about 3,000 years ago and completed by 1000 CE. A complex trading network among the dispersed peoples led to the transfer of crops (liek sugarcane), technology and common culture. |
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| Military campaigns, political rpessure, and traveling merchants brought Islam from the Arabian Peninsula to the Iberian Peninsula in the ninth century, to West Africa in the tenth centruy, and to Persia, Central Asia, South and Southeast Asia, and parts of southern China by the twelfth century. |
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| Empire created by Genghis Khan, who organized the nomadic tribal peoples of Central ASia to conquer most of Eurasia in the 13th century. After his death, the empire was divided among his heirs into four khanates. Generally, the Mongols did not attempt to change the culture of the peoplse they conquered. |
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| Chinese culture was little affected by the Mongols durign the Yuan dynasty. The Middle East was initially devasted by the destrction of the irrigation systems by the Black Death, but Islamic government returned after the Il-Khanate was taken over by the Seljuk Turks . Russian culture was little changed, except thtat the languaged used in Moscow became dominant as the pricnes there gained power. |
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| Quick-maturing rice that cna allow two harvests in one growing season. Originally introduced into Champa from India, it was later sent to China as a tribute gift by the Champa state. The population increase in the Song dynasty can partially be attributed to the effects of the Champa rice. |
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| Raisef fields constructed along lake shores in Mesoamerica to increase agricultural yields. These structures developed greatly during the Aztec domination and show the advanced state of agriculture technology at the time. |
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| Knotted strings used by the Inca as an accounting and probably historical too. The complexity and number of knots indicated numbers. |
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| Groups of merchants, artisans, and professors organized themselves into guilds to negotiate standards for their professions and to limit the influence of rulers on them. Guilds were important in the Latin West and in the Ottoman and Safavid empires. |
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| Islam and Women's Property Rights |
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| Under Islamic law, women maintained their property rights after marriage and the right to inherited property from thier father's estate. Muslim women were also able to control charitable trusts that funded schools, hospitals, and aid for travlers on the hajj. |
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| An elite practice beginning in the Song dynasty in China to restrict teh growth of grils' feet. Tiny feet were considered beautiful by the elite male culture and the pracitce was perpetuated by females to increease marriage offers. |
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| Leaders of one of the frequent peasant in Vietnam against Chinese rule in 40 CE revolt broke out in 39 CE. The sisters demonstrate the importance of Veitnamese women in the developments of attitudes and actions toward Chiense domination. |
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| Communal labor requirements based on shared obligations to kinship groups and royal projects in the Incan Empire. |
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| 11th century division (1054) of Christendom into Eastern and Western Christian cultures due to doctrinal differences. The Latin community favored the ascendant position of the patriarch in ROme (pop), while the Eastern communities accpeted the authority of the patriarch in Constantinople or their local patriarch in Syra, Egypt, or Ethiopia |
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| After the Propet Muhammad's death in 631 CE, controversy arose over who his successor should be. One part of the Muslim community thought that the man who knew the Prophet best would be the best leader. Others thought that only a blood relative, like his cousin and son-in-law, Ali, should lead the community. This division lead to the SUnni-Shi'a split among Muslims. |
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| The Prophet Muhammad revelations about the true nature of submission to God, colleceted after his death into the Qur'an. In the tradition of Judaism and Christianity, and hsaring some of their sacred texts, Islam calls on all people to recognize one creater god- Allah- who rewards or punishes believers after death according to how they lived their lives. |
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| developed during the Song dynasty when a Confucian statesman, Zhu XI, simplified the rituals for ancestor worship and paraphrased the Confucian classics in clearer language. His revisions of Confucian ideas and practices indluded some spritiual ideas from Daoism and Buddhism. |
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| Spread of scientific, mathenmatic, and technologies from South Asia to the Muslim and Confucian worlds. For example, the "Arabic" numerals invented by Hindu mathematicians were spread west by Muslim merhcants and intellectuals. |
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| In Mande society in the Mlai Empire, the griot played a key role in political continuity. He was judge and counselor to kings as well as court historian, who, by knowning the past, was able to shape and control it. |
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| Turkic military slaves of the armed forces of the Abbasiod Caliphate of the ninth and tenth centuries. Mamluks evnetually founded their own state, ruling Egypt and Syria (1250-1517) until they were incorporated into the Ottoman Empire. |
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| The organization of rural communitites in medieval Europe; usually a large, self sufficient landholding consisting of the lord's residence (manor house), outbuildings, peasant village, adn surrounding agricultural lands. |
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| Based on grants of land, called fiefs, given from lords to vassals, this political structure depended on a bond of loyalty between the lords and their inferiors who pledge military assistance in exchange for general protection. |
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| A Greek word meaning "dispersal" used to describe the communitites of a given ethnic group living outside of their homeland. Jews, for example, were forced by the first Babylonians and then by the Romans to set up communitites outside of Israel, first in western Asia and later throughout the Mediterranean during the classical period. |
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| The system enforced by Chinese empires requiring leaders of countries in East and Southeast Asia not under their direct control to acknowledge the superiority of the emperors in CHina in exchange for trading rights or strategic alliances. |
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| Islamic governemnt ruled by the caliph, or successor to the Prophet Muhammad, over Muslims |
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| The second Islamic empires with its capital in Baghdad from 750 to 1258. Known for high culture and expensive trade with the Byzantine and Tang empires. the 1001 Nights, also known as Arabian Nights, translated by Richard Francis Burton in 1888, is one of its literary achievements |
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| The polticial and economic stability provided by Mongol control of trade routes in the 13th and 14th centureis. The Mongosl esatablished post houses along the routes to patrol the roads, and they gave passports to ease travel fro officials and visitors. |
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| Song Commercial revolution |
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| The Song government encouraged the development of trade through the South China Sea. Many commercial developments such as the use of paper money and credit systems helped spur ecenomic growth. Many new inventions also improved life during the Song dynasty, inclduing the compass, improved printing technology, and assembly-line techniques for pottery production. |
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| Centralized Indian empire created by the Muslim Invaders, 1206-1526 |
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| Poltiical system in western Africa from the 13th to 15th centuries. Famous for its Muslim rulers like Mana Kankan Msa, who made the hajj to Mecca. Musa infalted the price for gold in Cairo when he distrubted gold coins to the poor. |
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| City on the Niger River famous during the Mali Empire as a cneter of Islamic learning. Muslim Scholars traveled to Timbuktu along the trans-Saharan trade routes and made use of the numerous libraries and schools in the city. |
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| Empire created by the Mexica, a group that migrated south to the valley of Mexico from the north. The powerful empire dominate its neighboring by demanding tribute of goods and labor. Enemy prisoners and some Aztec criminals were used as human sacrifice to their sun god. |
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| Powerful South American empires that conquered all of its neighbors along the north Pacific coast. Required tribute payments, including the daughters of conquered rulers. |
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| Chinese dynasty that followed Mongol rule and expanded CHinese dominance in East and Southeast ASia. Successfully managed trade with Japanese and Spanish merchants to import silver once the Ming governemnt required that all taxes be paid in silver. This pull of silver toward the Chinese economy dramatically altered the global economy. |
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| What were the effects of the failed Mongol invasion of Japan? |
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| The unsuccessful Mongol invasion of Japan in 1281 helped centralize the power of the shogun and led to the establishment of a national infrastructure for trade and communication by the Kamakura Shoguante. |
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| Established in 1392, the Yi worked to bring back Korean culture after several hundred years of Mongol domination. They revived teh study of COnfucian classics and helped farmers use the latest Chinese technology. Han-gul, the Korean phonetic alphabet, was created. Koreans also exported cotton to CHina and Japan from the surplus made possible by use of a type of cotton gin developed during the Song dynasty. |
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| Known as al-Andalus, Umayyad Spain developed a unique culture blending Islamic, Roman, Germanic, Arab, Berber, and Jewish traditions. Large cities grew with new architctural styles. Agricutlural surpluses helped support the large urban populations. |
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| A voluntary assocation of north German trading towns on the Baltic and North seas. The towns monopolized trade of Baltic fish, furs, timber, and metals. They also controlled the lucrative transport of wool from England to factories in Flanders. |
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| Evidence of Swahili culture is clear on the East African coast by the mid-15th century. A blend of Bantu language and culture with Arab language and culture, the inhabitants of the coastal towns provided links between the Indian Ocean and interior trade. |
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| Portuguese Maritime Expansion |
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| By the early 15th century, Portuguese mariners used their new caravels to travel south to the West African coast to trade for carved ivory salt cellars, decorated metal pieces, gold, and slaves. The Portugese also brought Catholic missionaries to spread Christianity. |
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| in 1215, teh English king John I signed the Magna Carta, which limited his power to tax the English lords and required that he allow them to form a jury of their peers for trails. |
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| Rise of Universities in Europe |
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| After 1200, teh new religious orders, the Dominicans and Franciscans, helped start universities in Paris and OXford. Based on the madrasas of the Islamic world, the Christian colleges were diffferent in that they offered degrees in specialized fields. |
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| Gutenberg's Printing Press |
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| Johann Gutenberg perfected the printing process for langauge in the Latin West by 1454 when he printed a Bible using moveable type and a new king of lasting ink. |
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| When did the Ottoman Turks conquer Constantinople? |
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| In 1453, the Ottoman Turks conquered the capital of the Byzantine Empire, Constantinople, adn began their domination of the Mediterranean Sea, North Africa, and the Balkans. |
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| From 618 to 907, the Tang Empire dominated East Asia and expanded trade along the silk routes. Known as the Golden Age of CHina, poetry, painting, Buddhist art, adn ceramics emerged during the Tang elite helped create a multicultural society in Chang'an and the other Tang citites. |
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| The capital of a large trading empire in southeastern Africa. Its ruined stonewalls shows the tehcnological expertise and ceremonial functions of its urban elite. |
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| In medieval Europe, an agricultural laborer legally bonded to a lrod's property and obligated to perform set services for the lord. |
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| Written by Lady Murasaki Shikiby, the Tale of Genji if the first novel in any language. The tale relates the life history of Prince Genji, a young man raised in the Heian court of Japan. Murasaki was the daughter of a government of a province in the Fujiwara family, who allowed her to study with her brothers and even learn Chinese characters, which was imperoper for girls at theat time. |
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| Islamic mystics who placed more emphasis on emotion and devoation than on strict adherence to rules. Sufi missionaires played an important role in bringing Islam to Southeast Asia. |
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