When Washington ended his 8 year presidency he gave this speech in which he clearly warned the United States not to engage into treaties or relationships with other countries because the United States was a new country and therefore vulnerable.

Happened in 1819 and was called the "college charter case". Dartmouth was given a charter by King George III, and many wondered how constitutional this was. The supreme court ruled that the contract was a contact and that it was therefore constitutional. 

Created in 1823 and it was President Monroe's way of telling the European powers to stay out of the Latino countries. There was no real punishment for this, but it was a clear warning. It was mostly aimed at Russia, but it did apply to everyone. American was worried that people would use the Latino countries as a backdoor into America.

During the election of 1824 there were 4 candidates, Jackson, Clay, Crawford and Adams. They were all considered to be Republicans, and in the end, Jackson had the most popular votes, but not enough of a majority to win. Therefore it was up to the House to decide who would be President. Clay, who hated Jackson, used his power to sway the house to agree on Adams. Therefore Jackson deemed that a corrupt bargain had occurred. 

The son of former president John Adams. He lacked common ground with the American people, but he did however push for nationalist programs that built toads, universities and observatories. He also slowed down the expansion in the West, which pissed a lot of people off.

The South's spokesperson against the Tariff of Abominations. They disliked the tariff because it drove up the cost of many of the things that the South bought.

When states hope to get rid of things passed by the government by getting a 2/3 majority to go against the laws passed. South Carolina tried to do this over the Tariff of Abominations. 

A compromise proposed by Henry Clay. The tariff of abominations had been replaced by the tariff of 1832, but many of the South Carolinians were still upset and wanted to nullify it. Clay's compromise said that the tariff rate would be reduced by 10% over 8 years.

Passed by Congress, which gave the president the power to use whatever force he saw necessary to collect the tariff. This was in response to the Compromise tariff that Carolina desired.

Signed in 1830 by Andrew Jackson. It was passed by Congress to relocate the Native American populations, who were living on land that the United States wanted.

An infamous walk in which the Cherokee tribes were forced to walk from Georgia to Oklahoma. They were absolutely miserable and 4,000 of the 15,000 died on this walk. 

The Bank of the United State's president who was an advocate of hard money and putting wildcat banks out of business. This was good for their own profit, but the West and the poor hated it. Therefore Biddle was hated by many. The charter didn't expire until 1836, but Clay and Webster starter to recharter it in 1832. Jackson vetoed it, which was the plan because the north would hate him if he vetoed it and the south would hate him if he passed it. 

A 3rd party that joined in the 1832 election. The Masons were a secret society that was surrounded by questions. People in the Anti-Masonic party disliked the Masons and/or hated Jackson.

Jackson did not trust the National Banks and therefore he started withdrawing money from the Bank of the United States and putting it into his own small banks. He usually put his friends in charge of these banks, so they were not very stable. 

Another party the came in the 1832 election. There were many different types of people in this party. They all disliked Jackson and liked the idea of the American system and internal improvements.

During the election of 1836, Jackson was so powerful that he had a lot of influence over who became the next president. Van Buren was running as the Democratic candidate. Due to the fact that the Whig party was so disorganized, he won. Despite the fact that Jackson had supported him, they were very different people. He lacked the people's touch.

In the election of 1840, the Democrats hoped to reelect Van Buren, while the whigs nominated Harrison. He won easily due to the fact that Van Buren was seen as a snob while Harrison was seen as a real American. He won 234 to 60.

During the 1840's in Ireland, the potato famine caused many to go hungry, (2 million died), so a massive migration of these people came to the United States. They were not well educated, poor and Catholic and so were looked down on by many Americans.

While the Irish were migrating to America, 1 million Germans also came. There was a crop failure and a war in 1848 in Germany and so they were trying to escape. While the Irish mainly stayed on the East coast, the Germans moved inland, mainly to Wisconsin. Their cultural contributions were the Kentucky rifle, christmas tree, kindergarten. They were unique in that they were Lutheran and didn't assimilate, didn't like slavery and drank large amounts of beer.

A group of people who were in a secret society. They were similar to nativists and did not like immigrants, and therefore a lot of conflict erupted between them. They hated the idea of America as a peaceful melting pot. Whenever they were asked a question they claimed to know nothing. 

People born in America who were opposed to immigrants. They believed that all immigrants were uneducated, poor, non-demoratic, Catholic and took American jobs, and therefore hated them and caused a lot a violence between the two groups. 

Invented by Eli Whitney (1793). The purpose of it was to separate the fibers from the seeds. The machine was 50 times more powerful than a person using their hands, it was used to increase cotton production in the South. It also benefited the North because the factories in the North needed cotton. 

Eli Whitney created the idea of interchangeable parts, in which any component of a machine could be replaced. Before this, if something broke the entire thing needed to be replaced, but now small parts could be replaced.

Because cotton was more easily produced due to cotton gin, it means that the factories in the North needed a way to make cloths faster. Elias Howe and Isaac Singer invented the sewing machine. 

In Lowell, MA, this was a textile factory that was known to higher young women. They worked in the mills, lived there, could go to school and were guarded. 

The inventor of the steel plow. It let the farmers cut into the fertile, yet hard Midwestern soil.

Created by Cyrus McCormick, which could harvest grains as wheat. This invention, along with the steel plow, changed the agriculture ideas. People were no longer growing to feed themselves, they were trying to make money.

Officially called the Cumberland Road went from Maryland to Illinois. It was the main East-West through-fare. This was part of the transportation boom that happened in the first half of the 1800's.

Created the first steamboat (1870), which changed the transportation of America in the sense that it made rivers 2-way streets, and the south and the west would really benefit from this. 

The money for this canal was provided by NY governor Dewitt Clinton, who built it only using the state's money. Its production started 1817 and finished in 1825. It linked the western rivers with the Atlantic Ocean. The changes this brought were that the shipping costs from the West to the East dropped 20 times, the canal stole a lot of trade from the Mississippi River, and many western cities boomed. 

In the 1850's new religions were challenging Christianity (such as Deism, Unitarians and the Scientific revolution). The Christians had a revival that reached it's zenith in the 1830's. It was an emotional movement that appealed to the common people and was unique in that it caused more movements (prison reform, temperance, abolition of slavery.)

One of the most gifted speakers and preachers during the 2nd Great Awakening.

A new faith that started to grow in the 1830's. It was started by Joseph Smith, who claimed to have found golden tablets in NY that told the story of the Book of Mormon. They believed that polygamy was the best way to increase their numbers, but because this was so frowned upon, they moved to Utah and western states. He was killed in a fight and Brigham Young took over the movement

Known as the "Father of Public Education". He thought that schools focused too much on dead languages and that there needed to be more hands on education. 

Wrote the Blueback Speller and a dictionary. He gave lessons that were a mix of grammar and moral.

A movement in which reformers wanted to ban alcohol. They believed that drunk men wasted all their income on drinks, they missed a lot of work due to being drunk and destroyed their families. Women were the main leaders in the movement. The American Temperance Society was founded in Boston 1826.

An editor for a transcendentalist journal.

The pushed for women suffrage and the right to vote.

With Susan B. Anthony, she pushed for the women's right to vote

The first step in the women's right movement. It took place in Seneca Falls Women's Right Convention (1848) in New York. During the convention they wrote the Declaration of Sentiments, demanded female suffrage. Unfortunately this did not happen, but it was the catalyst for the women's movement.

The women's spin on the Declaration of Independence, in which the women changed the words to support their cause.

A Utopia society created by Robert Owen in Indiana (1825). It attracted many intellectuals, but due to confusion within the organization they failed.

A Utopian group that was started in Massachusetts (1841) and many transcendentalists were interested in this. It survived for 5 years before one of their major buildings were burned and they ended up having to pay a huge amount of debt.

Wrote Knickerbocker's History of New York, The Sketch Book, "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow" and "Rip Van Winkle". 

Wrote Leatherstocking Tales and The Last of the Mohicans.

The most famous Transcendentalist. He was a former Unitarian pastor who's most famous speech was Self Reliance which stressed individualism. He wanted people to declare their independence from Europe by not copying their art, literature etc.