soldier/explorer:  "Father of New France"

made friendly relations w/ Huron

and enemy w/ Iroquois

fur trappers and traders in New France

France's holdings in the New World (Canada)

the area was hotly fought over by French and Brisith

(Globally 7 Years War)

started w/ Washington's war over Fourt Duquesne with France

British had trouble until Pitt led to victory

7 of 13 colonies met in 1754 in Albany, but failed because of disunity

immediate purpose:  keep Iroquois loyal

long range:  create greater unity

passed by British gov, prohibiting settlement beyond Appl. Mtns.

colonists angrily defied it, which set the stage for war

belief in a republic for the government

power instilled in voters

Sugar Act

1st law passed for raising tax revenue in colonies for crown

increased duty on foreign sugar imported from West Indies

created by "Champagne Charley" Townshend

import duty on glass, white lead, paper, paint and tea--most offensive

tax placed on paper goods; created by Grenville; caused great uproar and nonimportation

set up by Samuel Adams

series of letter writers to get the revolutionary spirit rolling

First Continental Congress

in response to Intolerable acts

12 of 13 colonies metin Philadelphia to address colonial grievances

created the Association

Second Continental Congress

met May 1775 after Lexington and Concord - all 13 colonies attended (still conservative)

hoped Parliament would redress grievances, but still raised army

Battle of Saratoga

American victory in stopping British forces invading NY from Canada caused surrender of that army;

major turning point in the war

treaty with Iroquois indians giving more western land to settlers

Philadelphia Quakers in 1775 founded the world's first antislavery society

Continental congress (1774) abolished slave trade

several northern states abolished slavery completely

(1787) sections from Land Ordinance first like colonies under Federal government

once 60,000 inhabitants, admitted as state

led by Daniel Shays

uprising in MA when many were losing farms due to debts

crushed by General Lincoln; showed need for stronger central gov.

convention of "Demigods" after convention failed in Maryland (1787)

originally to revise Articles of Confederation, but then new constitution made

advocated powerful central government in 1787 convention

secretary of treasury under Washington, federalist

established economic plan which took care of national debt

rebellion in PA challenging excise tax on whiskey--at the time used as money

crushed by George Washington

isolationist policy issued on his leaving

neutrality in European conflicts

warned america against intervening on either side

treaty that offered little concessions from Britain to US and greatly upset Jeffersonians

Britain would leave posts on US soil and pay for damages to US ships, while America still owed merchant debts

one of 1st political partied led by Jefferson

stemmed from antifederalists (Democrats today)

liberal, favored weak central government

Jefferson vs. Adams

Jefferson's "revolution" victory due in part to 3/5 clause

Technicality in electoral votes between Jefferson & Burr so decision to House

appointed by John Adams (1801) as Chief Justice

gave many federalist decisions

said part of Judiciary Act of 1789 unconstitutional

The Act provided a charter for the federal judicial system by specifying the jurisdiction and powers of the district and circuit courts, and the qualifications and authority of federal judges, district attorneys, court clerks, etc.

Used by Marbury in his appeal

supreme court had final say in interpreting the constitution

established by Marbury v. Madison

purchased 828,000 sq. miles for $15 million from Napolean

ensured expansion

explored by Lewis and Clark

Jefferson's running mate but lost in tie

killed Hamilton in a duel when Hamilton exposed conspiracy of Burr's to separate New Enlgand & NY from US

forcible enlistment of American soldiers by the British

cause of War of 1812

Andrew Jackson led his 7,000 men to defend and defeat British who were attacking the city

New Englanders rumored of succession, met in Hartford to discuss grievances about trading loss

laughed at in D.C. after end of war; marked end of Federalist party

Tariff of 1816

counteracted low prices set by British to squash US industries

1st tariff primarily to protect merchants

economic panic w/ deflation, depression, unemployment, etc.

hit westerners and poor hard

forclosure on many farms created hatred of national bank

Missouri admitted as slave state, Maine as free

further slavery in Missouri prohibited and rest of Louisiana land free

the constitution can be interpreted freely, using understood meanings, not strictly word for word

(implied powers)

Marland tried to tax Bank notes

Marshall declared bank constitutional by loose construction

Virginia court found Chohen family guilty of selling lottery tickets, who appealed to supreme court

virgina able to keep ruling, but lost in that federal court had right to review any decisions of state supreme courts

Gibbon v. Ogden

NY tried to grant monopoly on waterborne trade betweeen NY and NJ

established congress alone had control over interstate commerce; state's rights

settled disputes between US and England

Louisiana from Lake of Woods to Rocky Mtns.

joint occupation of Oregon 10 years

Share Newfoundland fisheries w/ Canadians

Andrew Jackson

commander in Battle of New Orleans

took military control of Spanish florida, overstepping his instructions resulting in Spain ceding Florida to US

Noncolonization and Nonintervention

described Monroe's beliefs that Europe should stay outof S.American and Russia out of NW and US would stay out of Greek War

Russo-American Treaty of 1824

gave Russian claims on land off the NW pacific coast of North America (N. of the oregon country)

boundary at 54 deg. 40'

candidates:  John Q. Adams, Henry Clay, William Crawford and Jackson

 Jackson pop. but goes to House.  Clay eliminated so makes deal with Adams, who is elected

spoils system

protected American industry, driving prices up

South felt Tariff was against them, believed states should nullify tariff

South believed state gov. had right to determine to follow a law

caused by Tariffs set up by congress, so compromise tariff of 1833 made

South said deeper issue was slavery

didn't recognize supreme court decision about Cherokee rights

passed indian removal act 1830

granted by Mexican gov. huge tract of land to bring settlers to

put in jail when tried to make slavery negotiations

tensions over slavery led to Texans declaring independence 1836

Santa Anna wins at the Alamo, but is later persued and defeated

hero of Tippecanoe

leading Whig - "Favorite son" who rain in 1836 election

later won 1840 election

rapid urbanization (Philadelphia & NYC w/ 20,000+) led to slums, poor water

caused by high birthrate and overcrowding in Europe

student and painter of Native American life

among 1st Americans to push for national policy advancing the preservation of nature

(national park system)

come in 1840s-50s

too poor to move west & buy land so settle in eastern cities like Boston and NY

given worst possible jobs; hated by native workers

came 1830 - 1860 fleeing wars

many farmers and political refugees

brought with them modest wealth, moved west

ardent enemies of slavery

british mechanic moved to US

1791 invented spinning machine for spinning cotton in America

"Father of the Factory System"

Eli Whitney

from MA, graduated from Yale

toutored in South - made cotton gin

made interchangeable parts on gun

Southern Cotton

with the cotton gin, made cotton profitable (50x more efficient than hand picking)

factories then sprung up in north

cotton gin

machine invented by Eli Whitney in 1793

separated seed from cotton fiber

inventions like sewing machine and interchangeable parts made factory process quicker

more products could be made cheaper

invented by Eli Whiteny

led to mass production of guns for US Army

American work force

workers were the poor, often immigrants and both women and children

strikes used to change working conditions

ruled that labor unions were not illegal conspiracies

provided methods were honorable and peaceful

glorified traditiotnal functions of women as homemaker and moral keeper

increase particularly in teaching jobs

Erie Canal

significant development - faster and cheaper than canals to build

strong opposition from canal backers

brought about by Deism

believed God existed in on person and the essential goodness of mankind

one of most monumentous episodes in US religion

wave of spiritual fervor that had effect on countless society reforms

spread by "camp meetings"

greates revival preacher

led massive revivals in Rochester and NYC

believed in perfect Christian kingdom on earth

believed New Testament fake; Smith received golden plates from angel

Brigham Young leader when Smith killed; moved to Utah

met conflict against individualistic americans

Methodists and Baptists

many converts during "awakening"

Peter Cartwright methodist "circuit rider" from Illinois to Tennessee

splits in methodist & baptist denomination over slavery

said given revelation by angel

established Church of Latter Day Saints and Book of Mormon

killed by those who opposed him

"school master of the Republic"

wrote reading primers and texts

dictionary in 1828

lagged from women

Oberlin College in Ohio admitted black and women in 1837

Emma Wilard est. Troy Female Seminary

New England Teacher who spoke against treatment of insane prisoners

her reports brought about changes in treatment and concept that insanity is not something done willingly

started by John Noyes

practiced complex marriage, birth control and "breeding" of superior offspring

held for 30 years because of silver/steel industry

published Kinckerbockers History of New York 1809 (caricatures of Dutch)

Sketch book (1820) had american and British themes

writer from NY

1st novelist to gain world fame and made New World themes respectable

writer of "Self-Reliance" essay on farmers

embraced the Unitarian movement

1830s - moderninzing puritan beliefs

belived truth transcends the body through the senses

Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau both were these

strengthened and reinvigorated slavery because it was now made more efficient

it was wasteful and unstable

money hungry plantation owners over-cultivated

one crop economy was monopolistic

repelled immigration in south

profitable for the great planters, but not overall economic development

majority of slave owners were small farmers

free black hated by irish

immigrants in south did dangerous jobs becaue their life not important to slaver

raised corn and hogs, not cotton

"poor white trash"

pro-Unio southerners who worked in the valleys of Appl. Mtns.

(Andrew Johnson)

many free black mulattoes

some purchased their freedom

owned property (New Orleans)

discrimination common, even in North

1/4 southerners owned slaves; only 1,733 more than 100 slaves

small farmers majority of slaves

conditions worst in Newer states of AL, MS, LO

worked at slow pace, snatch food from "big house", or sabotaged expensive equipment

slave owners fear of rebellion helped to reinforce racial superiority

a reformer and abolitionist

published The Liberator

abolitionists believed politics should end slavery so backed this party 1840

forced some Americans to default on their bonds that were backed by British lenders

caused anti-British feeling

conflict over Maine boundary

British wanted road through Maine from Halifax to Quebec; granted much land to US to get road

Texas annexation

issue of 1844 presidential campaign

whigs opposed annexation - slave issue

democrats in favor

Tyler signed joint resolution which made texas 28th state; mexico mad

US and British claims from discovery and exploration

more American settlers, Britain wanted Colombia River as boundary, Us 49th parallel

got oregon at 49th paralled

John Slidell to buy CA for $25, rejected

sent Taylor's forces to Rio Grande, war w/ Mexico

dispute over whether any Mexican territory that America won in Mexican war shsould be free or slave - David Wilmot - free

very intense, never passed

after war with Mexico, purchased for $18,250,000 in Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

arranged by Nicholas Trist and Gen. Scott w/ Santa Anna

people of a territory, under principles of constitution, determine the status of slavery

developed by Lewis Cass

antislavery men in North 1848

came out strongly against slavery and for the Wilmot Proviso, as well as federal aid for internal improvements

instrumental in underground railroad

runaway slave who helped others

"great nullifier"

senator who believed slavery should be left alone, return slaves to owners, preserve Union

game famous 7th of march speech which said compromise of 1850 should be followed

slavery wouldn't be able to exist in CA he thought

senator from NY against agreement; Christian legislators should obey God's moral law

signed by Fillmore

CA free state and NM and UT didn't have slavery restrictions

military leader who convinced Japanese to sign treaty 1853 w/ US

allowed for commercial foot in Japan and improved relations

south wanted slave rich Cuba

OStend Manifesto urged admin to buy Cuba from Spain or go to war for it

North found out and rebelled against it

powerful political force

influenced both England and France not to support the South during civil war

wrote book entitled 'Impending Crisis of the South' that stirred trouble

Attempted to prove that indirectly the non-slave holding whites were the ones who suffered the most from slavery

proslavery leaders in kansas made this saying voters could only vote for the constitution with slavery or without slavery -- either way slave owners protected

Stephen Douglas fought for fair play

"Border ruffians" set up pro-slavery gov.

tensions broke out, shooting occurs

John Brown leads some abolitionists to Pottawatomie Creek

Senator Sumner of MA delivers speech which angers proslavers

Brooks of SC beat Sumner with his cane

Sumner's seat left empty 3 years in protest

Know-Nothing Party

nominated Fillmore

nativits who were antiforeign and anti catholic

Dread Scott legal case

Dred Scott lived w/ master in free territory 5 years - sued for freedom

Court rules he is slave, not citizen and congress never had the power to prohibit slavery in any territory

Panic of 1857

CA gold inflated currency, Crimean War in Europe overstimulated growing of grain, and frenzied land speculation

Northern farms hit, South fine

Lincoln-Douglas Debates

Kentucky nominees Lincoln (republican) and Douglas (Democrat) debate at Freeport, Illinois

slavery issue debated - hurt Douglas even though he won senate seat

Douglas's response to Lincoln's question about popular soverignty vs. Dred Scott case

south saw Douglas not truly supportive

John Brown attempted to create a slave uprising in south

south saw act as treason and should secede

north as martyr for abolitionist cause

Democrates split:  North - Douglas

South - John C. Breckinridge

Republicans:  Lincoln

Lincoln's election results in SC seceding

proposed by James Henry - hold union tog. by number of amendments to Constitution appeasing South

slavery only prohibited territories N of 36 deg. 60'

Lincoln rejects this scheme

took advantage of war

British built ships for south, France invades Mexico city

Wealthy supported South, workingclass north

federal ft. in Charleston was low on supplies so Lincoln only sent provisions

however SC attacks and wins

creates uprage in North

+'s:  morale, brilliant leaders, bred to fight, possible foreign intervention

-'s:  lacked industry, ran short on supplies, economy

+'s:  economy, 3/4th nation's wealth, railroad, farms and factories, controlled sea, manpower

-'s: lacked preparedness, no skilled commanders, were on offensive

National Banking system to sale bonds established

economy boomed during war

general Stonewall Jackson arrived to support southern army

victory for south resulted in confederate deserters, low enlistment

south was overconfident

north thought it would be quick victory

reality check for north

General for north at Potomac 1861

"Tardy George" because of failure to capture Richmond

(Virginia)

wooden warship replated by Confederates w/ iron railrad rails; marks end of wooden ship use

fought Union's counter ship Monitor to standstill

battle in MA w/ McClellan vs. Lee

N. found Lee's battle plans

Sept.17 one of bloodiest

battle a draw - caused less confidense in Confederacy

forbid slavery; could only be used as punishment for crime

ratified 1865

Emancipation Proclamation of 1863

issued by Lincoln after Antietam 1863

slaves forever free in US

180,000 serve in the Union Army

Lee heads to PA, Meade north general

end near for S. when Pickett's cavalry failed

farthest N. for Confederacy

Grant (union) attacks Port Hudson

victory came day after Gettysburg

France and Britain stop supplying South

commanded union army in TN

1864 captured Atlanta,GA

on way to take Savannah, burned barns and houses

"copperheads" who were against the war and england intervention

political power in S. Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois

copperhead democrat and ohio ex-congressman

demanded end to "wicked and cruel war"

tried in military tribunal, prison - but banished to confederate lines

regular and copperheads nominate McClellan

northern victories change atmosphere and lincoln wins

welfare agency for free blacks:  food, clothes, education

founded by Oliver O. Howard

civil rights bill 1866

all men right to vote

those born in US citizens

radicals passed legislation that senate had to approve before pres. could remove appointees

Johnson still dismisses Edwin M. Stanton, but couldn't get 2/3 majority for impeachment

reconstruction plan

state reentered when 10% voters pledged allegiance and emancipation

would have been easy reconstruction