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| A leading spokesman for the doctrine of popular sovereignty. |
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| the Northern Democratic Party nominee for President in 1860. He lost to the Republican Party's candidate, Abraham Lincoln, whom he had defeated two years earlier in a Senate contest following a famed series of debates |
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| 14th president. Pierce took part in the Mexican-American War and became a brigadier general. in favor of the Kansas-Nebraska Act, repealing the Missouri Compromise and renewed the debate over expanding slavery in the West. Pierce's credibility was further damaged when several of his diplomats issued the Ostend Manifesto |
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| 12th Prez of US. Had no political background. Taylor was the last President to hold slaves while in office, and the last Whig to win a presidential election. "Old Rough and Ready," |
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| an inspiration to the secessionists of 1860–61. Nicknamed the "cast-iron man" for his determination to defend the causes in which he believed, Calhoun supported states' rights and nullification, under which states could declare null and void federal laws which they deemed to be unconstitutional. He was an outspoken proponent of the institution of slavery |
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| a United States Army general, and unsuccessful presidential candidate of the Whig Party in 1852. A national hreo after the Mexican-American war. |
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| the eighth President of the United States, serving from 1837 to 1841. as a president, his administration was largely characterized by the economic hardship of his time, the Panic of 1837. Between the bloodless Aroostook War and the Caroline Affair, relations with Britain and its colonies in Canada also proved to be strained. |
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| As Secretary of State, he negotiated the Webster-Ashburton Treaty that established the definitive eastern border between the United States and Canada. desire to see the Union preserved and civil war averted led him to search out compromises designed to stave off the sectionalism that threatened war between the North and South. |
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| the Commodore of the U.S. Navy who compelled the opening of Japan to the West with the Convention of Kanagawa in 1854. |
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| After escaping from slavery, into which she was born, she made thirteen missions to rescue more than 70 slaves[1] using the network of antislavery activists and safe houses known as the Underground Railroad. |
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| An outspoken opponent of the spread of slavery in the years leading up to the American Civil War, he was a dominant figure in the Republican Party in its formative years, and was widely regarded as the leading contender for the party's presidential nomination in 1860 – yet his very outspokenness may have cost him the nomination. |
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| the Gadsden Purchase, in which the United States purchased from Mexico the land that became the southern portion of Arizona and New Mexico. |
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| the 13th President of the United States, serving from 1850 until 1853, and the last member of the Whig Party to hold that office. |
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| the belief that the legitimacy of the state is created by the will or consent of its people, who are the source of all political power. |
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| a short-lived political party in the United States active in the 1848 and 1852 presidential elections, and in some state elections. The party leadership consisted of former anti-slavery members of the Whig Party and the Democratic Party. |
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| a group of extremist pro-slavery politicians from the South who urged the separation of southern states into a new nation, which became known as the Confederate States of America. |
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| laws passed by the United States Congress in 1793 and 1850 to provide for the return of slaves who escaped from one state into another state or territory. |
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| a faction of the Whig Party in Massachusetts noted for their moral opposition to slavery. |
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| an informal network of secret routes and safe houses used by 19th-century black slaves in the United States to escape to free states and Canada with the aid of abolitionists who were sympathetic to their cause. |
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| a treaty between the United States and the United Kingdom, negotiated in 1850 by John M. Clayton and Sir Henry Lytton Bulwer (Lord Dalling). It was negotiated in response to attempts to build the Nicaragua Canal, a canal in Nicaragua that would connect the Pacific and the Atlantic. |
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| a document written in 1854 that described the rationale for the United States to purchase Cuba from Spain and implied the U.S. should declare war if Spain refused. |
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| created the territories of Kansas and Nebraska, opened new lands, repealed the Missouri Compromise of 1820, and allowed settlers in those territories to determine if they would allow slavery within their boundaries. |
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| Author of Uncle Tom’s Cabin, had never witnessed slavery first hand, but had seen it during a visit to Kentucky and had lived for many years in Ohio, where the Underground Railroad was active. |
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| wrote Impending Crisis of the South, a book which called on lower-class whites to resist planter dominance |
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| antislavery zealot; murdered 5 proslavery Kansas settlers in cold blood; hanged for treason for Harpers Ferry raid |
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| 1856 Democratic presidential candidate; platform: popular sovereignty in territories |
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| Senator of Massachusetts, leading abolitionist, "The crome against Kansas," South Carolinian Brooks beat him up. |
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| 1856 Republican presidential candidate; platform: liberation of Kansas, congressional prohibition of slavery in all territories |
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| Missouri slave who sued for his freedom; lived for many years in area which, according to Missouri Compromise, outlawed slavery |
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| Chief Justice of the Supreme Court and helped Jackson crush the Bank of the U.S |
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| 1860 presidential candidate for Democratic South; platform: federal protection of slaves in the territories |
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| 1860 presidential candidate for Constitutional Union; platform: sectional accommodation and no stand on slavery |
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| 1860 Republican presidential candidate; platform: moderate, self-made man, halt expansion of slavery, high protective tariffs, free homesteads, internal improvements |
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| Former secretary of war & senator from Mississippi . - President of the Confederacy , experienced, honest, courageous. |
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| Senator from Kentucky, who desperately wanted to prevent the Civil War in December 1860 by the Crittenden Compromise proposal.. |
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| Principle that seemed to apply to many southerners, they felt that they were not doing anything wrong or immoral |
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| an anti-slavery novel by American author Harriet Beecher Stowe. Published in 1852, the novel, "helped lay the groundwork for the Civil War", according to Will Kaufman. |
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| Pottawatomie Creek Massacre |
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| In reaction to the sacking of Lawrence (Kansas) by pro-slavery forces, John Brown and a band of abolitionist settlers (some of them members of the Pottawatomie Rifles) killed five settlers north of Pottawatomie Creek in Franklin County, Kansas. This was one of the many bloody episodes in Kansas |
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| the second of four proposed constitutions for the state of Kansas (it was preceded by the Topeka Constitution and followed by the Leavenworth and Wyandotte).[1] The document was written in response to the anti-slavery position of the 1855 Topeka Constitution of James H. Lane and other free-state advocates. |
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| a series of violent events, involving anti-slavery Free-Staters and pro-slavery "Border Ruffian" elements, that took place in the Kansas Territory and the western frontier towns of the U.S. state of Missouri roughly between 1854 and 1858. |
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| American (Know-Nothing) party |
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| a nativist American political movement of the 1840s and 1850s. It was empowered by popular fears that the country was being overwhelmed by German and Irish Catholic immigrants, who were often regarded as hostile to Anglo-Saxon Protestant values and controlled by the pope in Rome. Mainly active from 1854 to 1856, it strove to curb immigration and naturalization, though its efforts met with little success. |
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| people of African descent imported into the United States and held as slaves were not protected by the Constitution and could never be U.S. citizens. The court also held that the U.S. Congress had no authority to prohibit slavery in federal territories and that, because slaves were not citizens, they could not sue in court. Lastly, the Court ruled that slaves, as chattels or private property, could not be taken away from their owners without due process. |
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| a financial panic in the United States caused from the declining international economy and overexpansion of the domestic economy. Beginning in September of 1857, the financial downturn did not last long, however a proper recovery was not seen until the Civil War. |
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| a series of seven debates between Abraham Lincoln, the Republican candidate for Senate in Illinois, and incumbent Senator Stephen Douglas, the Democratic Party candidate. At the time, U.S. senators were elected by state legislatures; thus Lincoln and Douglas were trying for their respective parties to win control of the Illinois legislature. The debates previewed the issues that Lincoln would face in the aftermath of his victory in the 1860 presidential election. The main issue discussed in all seven debates was slavery. |
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| articulated by Stephen A. Douglas at the second of the Lincoln-Douglas debates on August 27, 1858, in Freeport, Illinois. Lincoln tried to force Douglas and Emily Cunningham to choose between the principle of popular sovereignty proposed by the Kansas-Nebraska Act and the United States Supreme Court case of Dred Scott v. Sandford, which stated that slavery could not legally be excluded from the territories. Instead of making a direct choice, Douglas' response stated that despite the court's ruling, slavery could be prevented from any territory by the refusal of the people living in that territory to pass laws favorable to slavery |
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| an attempt by white abolitionist John Brown to start an armed slave revolt by seizing a United States Arsenal at Harpers Ferry in Virginia in 1859. |
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| Constitutional Union Party |
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| It was made up of conservative former Whigs who wanted to avoid disunion over the slavery issue. These former Whigs (some whom had been under the banner of the Opposition Party in 1854-58) teamed up with former Know-Nothings and a few Southern Democrats who were against disunion to form the Constitutional Union Party. |
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| an unsuccessful proposal by Kentucky Senator John J. Crittenden to resolve the U.S. secession crisis of 1860–1861 by addressing the concerns that led the states in the Deep South of the United States to contemplate secession from the United States. |
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