Term
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Definition
Known for:
-Heinz's Moral Choice experiment
-Stages of Moral Development |
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Term
| Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development |
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Definition
1. Preconventional
2. Conventional
3. Postconventional |
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Term
| Kohlberg's Preconventional Stage |
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Definition
-Obedience and Punishment
-Individualism and Exchange |
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Term
| Kohlberg's Conventional Stage |
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Definition
-Interpersonal Relationships
-Maintaining Social Order |
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Term
| Kohlberg's Postconventional Stage |
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Definition
-Social Contracts and Individual Rights
-Universal Principles |
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Term
| Critique of Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development |
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Definition
-moral reasoning doesn't necessarily lead to moral behavior
-justice is not the only concern of morality
-doesn't accommodate for individualistic vs. collective cultures |
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Term
|
Definition
Known for:
-schema
-Stages of Cognitive Development
-created first intelligence test |
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Term
|
Definition
-assimilation
-accommodation
-equilibrium |
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Term
| Assimilation of the Schema |
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Definition
| Assimilating information to existing schemas |
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Term
| Accommodation of the Schema |
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Definition
| Changing an existing schema to accommodate new data |
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Term
| Equilibrium of the Schema |
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Definition
| Balance between assimilating and accommodating the schema |
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Term
| Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development |
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Definition
-Sensorimotor
-Preoperational
-Operational
-Postoperational |
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Term
| Piaget's Sensorimotor Stage |
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Definition
-hallmark: object permanence
1. Reflexes
2. Primary Circular Reactions
3. Secondary Circular Reactions
4. Coordination of Reactions
5. Tertiary Circular Reactions
6. Early Representational Thought |
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Term
| Piaget's Preoperational Stage |
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Definition
hallmark: language development
-egocentrism
-conservation |
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Term
| Egocentrism (Preoperational Stage) |
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Definition
-inability to see from others' perspectives
-Three Mountain Task experiment |
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Term
| Conservation (Preoperational Stage) |
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Definition
| logical understanding of conservation of matter |
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Term
| Piaget's Concrete Operational Stage |
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Definition
-hallmark: logical thought of events, but no hypothetical thinking
-inductive logic
-reversibility |
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Term
| Piaget's Formal Operational Stage |
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Definition
-abstract thinking (logical thought, deductive reasoning, systematic planning)
-deductive logic
-abstract thought
-problem solving |
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Term
| Criticism of Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development |
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Definition
-small representative population
-stage of development is not wholly dependent on maturity
-underestimated abilities of children (Hughes) |
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Term
|
Definition
-observational learning through modeling
-Triad Reciprocality theory of personality
-personality is affected by self-efficacy |
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Term
| Bandura's Triad Reciprocality personality theory |
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Definition
| Personality is created by interaction between traits, environment, and behavior |
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Term
|
Definition
-Skinner's Box
-Operant conditioning
-Reinforcement
-behavior=personality
-principles of operant conditioning used for treatment |
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Term
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Definition
| Method of learning behavior through reinforcement (rewards and punishment) |
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Term
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Definition
| Learning by associating a stimulus with a response |
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Term
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Definition
| Conformity experiment: confederates give incorrect answers, participants conformed. 70% of group recorded 1+ incorrect answer |
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Term
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Definition
| Classical conditioning: Little Albert (aversive conditioning) |
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Term
|
Definition
-People must feel accepted to self-actualize
-Client-Centered Therapy |
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Term
| Carl Rogers' Client-Centered Therapy |
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Definition
-unconditioned positive regard
-non-directive
-active listening |
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Term
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Definition
| Rational Emotive Behavior therapy (change irrational beliefs) |
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Term
|
Definition
-dreams=wish fulfillment (interpret to uncover unconscious
-manifest/latent content
-protected sleep: use symbols for fears
-psychosexual stages (libido, fixation)
-penis envy vs. castration anxiety
-defense mechanisms
-preconscious/conscious/unconscious mind
-personality: id, ego, superego |
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Term
| Dream Interpretation (Freud) |
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Definition
manifest content: actual dream imagery
latent content: unconscious wishes |
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Term
| Psychosexual Development (Freud) |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
-instinctive and primitive behaviors
-driven by pleasure principle
-primary process: used to resolve tension from pleasure principle by forming mental image |
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Term
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Definition
-deals with reality
-functions in preconsious, unconscious, and conscious minds
-satisfies id's desires in socially acceptable way
-secondary process: find object that matches image from primary process |
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Term
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Definition
-holds internalized moral standards acquired from society
-the ego ideal v. the conscience |
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Term
| Freud's Psychosocial Stages |
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Definition
1. Oral
2. Anal
3. Bowel and Bladder Control
4. Genitals |
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Term
| Critique of Freud's Psychosexual Stages |
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Definition
-little empirical evidence
-few practical uses
-oversexed
-sexist |
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Term
|
Definition
-neurotic anxiety (lose control of id's urges)
-reality anxiety (fear of real-world events)
-moral anxiety (fear of violating moral principles) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Outright refusal to admit or recognize that something has occurred or is currently occurring |
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Term
|
Definition
-Keep information out of conscious awareness
-influences behavior
-suppression is consciously removing something from conscious mind |
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Term
|
Definition
| Taking out frustrations, feelings and impulses on people or objects that are less threatening |
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Term
|
Definition
| Act out unacceptable impulses by converting these behaviors into a more acceptable form |
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Term
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Definition
| Ascribing unacceptable qualities of self to others |
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Term
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Definition
| Thinking about events in a cold, clinical way |
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Term
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Definition
| Explaining an unacceptable behavior or feeling in a rational or logical manner, avoiding the true reasons for the behavior |
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Term
|
Definition
| Revert to patterns of behavior used earlier in development |
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Term
|
Definition
| Take up the opposite feeling, impulse or behavior |
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Term
|
Definition
| Attach self to object of fear |
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