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| derived principles by careful observation; stated that knowledge was obtained and not from genetics |
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believed that mind separated from the body after death; knowledge built within us; principes based upon logic |
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| principles by logic; mind separated from body after death |
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| believed in monism; ideas were inborn; mind and body communicate |
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| belief that the mind and physical body are two separate things |
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| mind and body are connected |
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mind is a blank slate at birth; started idea of empiricism (knowledge comes from experience and science should rely on observation alone) |
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| knowledge comes from experience and science should only rely on observation |
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| belief that the mind is a blank slate at birth |
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| attempted to measure the "atoms of the mind"; started the 1st psychological lab |
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| introduced structuralism; encouraged introspection and asked people to describe their experiences themselves |
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| used introspection to explore elemental structure of the mind |
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| explained how mental and behavioral processes function (and how they enable the organism to adapt, survive, and flourish) |
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| William James' student at Harvard; completed courses required for PhD there, but they denied her; became the 1st female president of APA |
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| science of behavior and mental processes |
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| any action we can observe and record |
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| internal subjective experiences; (thoughts, beliefs, feelings, dreams, perceptions, sensations) |
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| psychoanalysis; dream interpretation; introspection; believed that early childhood and the unconscious influence later actions |
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| "survival of the fittest"; strongest behavior traits survive and are passed down; Origin of Species; natural selection; evolution |
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| debate about how much genetics affect behavior (nature) over the extent to which the environment causes behavior (nurture) |
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| Darwin's idea that animal behaviors get passed on when the beneficial behaviors continue and the harmful ones die off |
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| 1st American behaviorist; used classical conditioning on humans |
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| conditioned stimulus is repeated paired with an unconditioned stimulus until the unconditioned stimulus gets the same response as the conditioned |
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| believed that operant conditioning (active participation of the learner) could be used in behavior modification (positive behaviors and learned by rewards and negative behaviors are rid by punishments) |
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| Biological Approach (Neurobiological/Neuroscience) |
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| chemical and physiological basis of behavior and thoughts; link between genetic makeup, behavioral disposition, and psychological traits |
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| watch behavior and use the actions that came before it as a basis to explain it |
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| studies show how people think; observes behavior during controlled experiments; uses computer analysis models to understand the human brain |
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| Maslow; self-awareness and individual free will; all humans can reach their greatest potential; humans are inherently good; unconditional positive regard |
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the unconscious is the basis of all thoughts; dream analysis; individual is inherrently selfish; free association |
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| individuals can't be understood unless you look at the culture they come from |
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| survival of the fittest; Darwinism; natural selection; how evolution shaped humans' behavior |
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| Behavior Genetics Approach |
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| research that build the knowledge's base; consists of the main psychology sections like personality, biological, developmental, cognitive, and social |
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| using research to find practical solutions to problems |
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| helps treat/study personality/psychological disorders; only counseling, no prescribing medicine) |
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| clinical psychologist that is able to prescribe medicine in order to help the patient |
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