Term
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Definition
| The tendency to believe, after learning the outcome, that one would have forssen it |
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Definition
| The tendency to be more confident than correct- to overestimate the accuracy of ones beliefs and judgements |
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Definition
| The attitude one should posses in order to conduct succefull reaserch (curiosity, open minded, perseverence, humility, flexibility...) |
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Definition
| Thinking that does not blindlyt accept argumnets and conclusions but instead examining assumptions, hidden values, evaluates evidence and asses conclusions. |
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Definition
| a systematic, step by step procedure used to conduct reaserch and study the cause and effect of differnt variables with confidence |
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Definition
| An explanation using an intergrated set of princaples that organizes and predicts observations |
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| A testable prediction, often implied by a theory |
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Definition
| A statement of procedures (operations) used to define reaserch variables (ex: human intelligence; what intelligence measures) |
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Definition
| repeating the essence of a reaserch study ussually with different participants/situation to see weather the basic finding represents its self |
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Definition
| An observational technique where one person is studied in hope of revealing universal princaples |
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Definition
| A technique for gathering self reporting attitides or behaviors of people by questioning a representative or random sample |
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Definition
| The effect that subtle changes in the words or order of words can have on a study participant |
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Definition
| sampling that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion |
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Definition
| observing and recording behavior in naturally occuring situations without trying to manipulate or control the situation |
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Definition
| the tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs and behaviors |
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Definition
| All the cases in a group, from which samples may be drawn for a study |
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| a measure of the extent to which two factors vary together thus how well one predicts the other |
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Definition
| mathematical expression of the relationships ranging form -1 to 1 |
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Definition
| graphed cluster of dots representing the value of two variables. the slope sugests the direction of the relationship while the amount of scatter suggests the correlation |
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Definition
| the demonstration of how one variable influences another. (when one has an effect you can say you have causation) |
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Definition
| the demonstration of how one variable influences another. (when one has an effect you can say you have causation) |
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Definition
| the perception of a relationship wher none exixts |
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Term
| percieving order in random events |
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Definition
| Because of our natural eagerness to make sense of the world and because random sequences often dont look random we find patterns where there are none |
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Definition
| a term that refers to if one variable causes another and the effect one variable might have on another |
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Definition
| An experimental procedure in which both the reaserch participants and the reaserch staff are ignorant (blind) about weather participants have recieved the treatment or placebo (common in drug evaluation studies) |
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Definition
| experimental results caused by expectations alone; any effect on the participant caused by the administration of an inert substance or condition, which is assumed to be an active ingrediants |
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Definition
| the condition of an experiment that exposes participents to the treatment, that is one version of the independent variable |
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Definition
| The conditon of an experiment that contrasts with the experimental conditon and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the variable |
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Definition
| assigning participants to experimental and control conditons by chance, thus minimizing the pre existing differences between those assigned to different groups |
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Definition
| the experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied |
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Definition
| the outcome factor; the variable that may chage in response to manipulations of the independent variable |
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Definition
| a single score that represents a whole set of scores to neatly summarize the data |
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Term
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Definition
| the most frequenntly occuring score in a distribution |
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Term
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Definition
| the arithmetic average of a distribution, obtained by adding the scores and then dividing them by the number of scores |
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Term
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Definition
| the middle score in a distribution; half the scores are above and half the scores are below |
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Term
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Definition
| how similar or diverse scores are (low variability is more reliable than high variablity) |
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Term
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Definition
| the differnce between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution |
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Term
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Definition
| a computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score (find mean, subtract mean from each score (deviation from mean), square each score, add up scores, sqaure root, divide by number of scores. |
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Term
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Definition
| a statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occured by chance |
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Term
| when is an observed differnce reliable? |
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Definition
| When its representative reather than biased, less variable rather than more variable, and more cases rather than fewer |
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Term
| when is a difference significant? |
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Definition
| when the sample averages are reliable and the difference between them is large (odds of chance less than 5%) |
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Term
| Labratory experiments vs. every day life |
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Definition
| labratory experiments intend to be a simplified reality (controlling important features of everday life) attempting not to recreate the exact behaviors of life but to test its princaples |
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Term
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Definition
| the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes and traditions shared by a large group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next |
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Term
| cultures impact on behavior |
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Definition
| culture shapes behavior and strongly influences our attitudes however th underlying human processes are the same |
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Term
| genders impact on behavior |
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Definition
| gender influences our behavior and culture makes our gender even more different. However, in many ways male/female are similarly human |
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Term
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Definition
| They are facinating and many want to understand different species and use them to learn about humans specifically |
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Term
| ethics of studying animals |
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Definition
| animals are protected from unreasonable reaserch methods however the underlying question is it ethical to make one animal suffer to stop human suffering |
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Term
| ethics of experimenting on people |
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Definition
| reaserch and experimenting is only occasionaly stressful or decieving to the participant and only when justifiable. All reaserch follows ethics princaples, literary consent, protection form harm and discomfort, confidential info, and explanation |
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Term
| value judgments in psychology |
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Definition
| value affects what we study and how we interpret the results so psychology is not value free |
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Term
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Definition
| potentially dangerous because it can be powerful, however it can be used for good and bad (educate and decieve) and so far it has been aimed at good |
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Term
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Definition
| A vivid clear memory of an emotionaly significant moment or event |
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Definition
| The processing of information into the memory system (for example; extracting meaning) |
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Definition
| The retention of encoded information over time (to be retrieved later) |
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Term
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Definition
| The process of getting information out of storage |
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Term
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Definition
| The immediate, very brief, recording of sensory information in the memory system |
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Term
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Definition
| Activated memory that hold a few items briefly (phone # while dialing) |
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Term
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Definition
| The relatively permanent and limitless store house of the memory system (includes, knowledge, skills, and info) |
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Term
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Definition
| The mental processing your brain does without your realization |
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Term
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Definition
| A newer understanding of short term memory that involves conscious, active processing of incoming auditory/visual spatial info and info retrieved from long term memory |
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Term
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Definition
| Unconscious encoding of incidental info such as space, time, and frequency and of well-learned info such as word meanings |
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Term
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Definition
| Encoding that required attention and conscious effort (studying tect) |
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Term
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Definition
| The conscious repetition of information, either to maintain it in consciousness or encode it for storage |
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Term
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Definition
| The tendency for distributed study or practice to yeild better long term retention than achieved through mass studying of practice (space studying and dont cram) |
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Term
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Definition
| Our tendency to recall the first and last items on list |
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Term
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Definition
| Encoding of pictures or images (diagrams, chartes) |
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Term
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Definition
| The encoding of sounds, especially sound of words (poetry/song with rythm ) |
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Term
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Definition
| The encoding of meaning, including the meaning of words (word, phrase, picture) |
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Term
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Definition
| Mental pictures; a powerful aid to effortful processing especially when combined with semantic encoding |
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Term
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Definition
| Memory aids, especially techniques using vivid imagery of organizational devices (one bun, two shoe, three tree...) |
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Term
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Definition
| Organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically (chunking mneumonic device: HOMES- huron, ontario, michigan, eerie, superior) |
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Term
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Definition
| Organizing info by processing it and dividing it into levels; most important to least important/ general to specific |
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Term
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Definition
| A momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second |
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Term
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Definition
| A momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; a if attention is elsewhere sounds and words cn still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds |
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Term
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Definition
| changes within and between single neurons |
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Term
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Definition
| prolonged strengthening of potential neural firing |
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Term
| Stress hormones impact on memory |
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Definition
| The stress hormones made when excited/stressed make more glucose available to fuel the brain activity- signal to the brain something important happened |
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Term
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Definition
| The loss of memory / inibility to recall past events |
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Term
| Storing implicit memories |
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Definition
(procedural memory/nondeclarative) involves recollection of skills, things you know how to do, preferences; things that dont need to be recalled consciously (riding a bike)
Alzheimers patients can stil store these memories |
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Term
| Storing explicit memories |
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Definition
(declarative memory) to know and declare that you know something (day brother was born)
Alzheimers/brain damage patients cannot create these memories |
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Term
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Definition
| We process and store explicit and implict memories seperatly |
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Term
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Definition
| Part of the brain (neural center located in the limbic system) that helps process explicit memories for stroage |
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Term
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Definition
| "little brain" attached to the rear of the brainstem; functions include processing sensory input and coordinating movement and balance |
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Term
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Definition
| A measure of memory in which the person must retrieve learned earlier (fill in the blank test) |
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Term
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Definition
| A measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned (multiple choice test) |
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Term
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Definition
| A memory measure that asses the amount of time saved when you learn material for the second time |
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Term
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Definition
| Anchor points you can use to access the target information when you want to later; stimuli that help you recall info |
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Term
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Definition
| The acutness of stimuli because of exposure to a certain event/experience (kidnapping poster- percieving kidnapping action...shop-stop at green) |
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Term
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Definition
| Putting yourself back into the context/state you experienced something can prime you memory retrieval (sober- drunk, sharpen pencil, forget out of your room) |
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Term
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Definition
| The eerie sense taht "Ive experienced this before". Cues from current situation subconsciously trigger retrieval of earlier experience |
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Term
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Definition
| The tendency to better recall experiences that are consistent with your mood (cycle of depression) |
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Term
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Definition
| Absent mindedness, transience(storage decay) Blocking (inaccesibility to stored info) |
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Term
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Definition
| Misattribution (confusing info source) Suggesibility (lingering effects of misinformation) Bias (belief colored recolections) |
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Term
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Definition
| We cannot remember what we have not encoded |
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Term
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Definition
| Encoded memories may fade after storage. The course of forgetting is rapid then levels off (forgettign curve) |
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Term
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Definition
| Even when memory is encoded and stored we sometimes cant access it because of to little info (name? starts withs S. Sarah) |
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Term
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Definition
| The dissruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information/Old info interferes with new info |
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Term
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Definition
| The disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of new information/ new info interferes with old info |
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Term
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Definition
| People unknowligly revise their own histories because they are undesirable/embarissing/painful to remember (Frueds repressed memories) |
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Term
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Definition
| In psychoanalyctic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts feelings, and memories from consciousness |
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Term
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Definition
| We have an enourmous capacity for storing and reproducing details of daily experience bu twe construct memories as we encode them and ALTER them |
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Term
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Definition
| Incorporating misleading information into a memory of an event/ memory bias occurs when misinformation affects peoples reports of own memory |
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Term
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Definition
| (source misattribution) Attributing to the wrong source of an event we have experienced/heard about/read about/ imagined. Source amnesia and misinfo effect are the heart of false memories |
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Term
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Definition
| False memories feel like true memories and are equally durable, however true memories contain more details |
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Term
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Definition
| Our memories of witnessed events are falliable especially when prompted by misleading questions |
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Term
| Repressed vs constructed memories |
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Definition
| Repressed: theoretical concept to describe memory of traumatic nature unavailable for recall. Constructed: Adjusted memories (unavailable/adjusted) |
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Term
| Strategies for improving memories |
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Definition
| Study repeatedly/ spend time rehersing or thinking about the material/make material meanigful personally/ use mneumonic devices/ activate retrieval cues/ recall events while fresh before misinfo/ minimize interference(before sleeping)/ test knowledge |
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Term
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Definition
| All the mental activities associated with thinking knowing, remembering and communicating |
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Term
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Definition
| Mental Groupings of similar objects, events, ideas, or people |
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Term
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Definition
| Organizing mental categories into heirarchies to help think about them (animals-domestic-dog-mixed-lab) |
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Term
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Definition
| Mental images or best examples of a category. Matching new items to the prototype provides quick and easy method for including items within a category (robin more prototype bird than goose) |
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Definition
| A methodical logical rule or procedure that guarentees solving a particular problem (less error prone but slower than heuristics) |
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Term
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Definition
| A simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgements and solve problems effecientlu (speedier than algorithms but more error prone) |
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Term
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Definition
| A sudden and often novel realization of the solution to the problem (contrasts with strategy based solutions) |
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Term
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Definition
| A tendency to search for information that confirms ones perceptions |
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Term
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Definition
| The inability to see a problem from a new perspective; an impediment to problem solving |
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Term
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Definition
| A tendency to approcah a problem in a particular way, often a way that has been succesful in the past |
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Term
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Definition
| A tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; an impediment to problem solving |
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Term
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Definition
| Judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent particular prototypes; may lead one to ignore other relevant information |
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Term
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Definition
| Estimating the liklihood of events based on their availibility in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of vividness) we presume such events are common (words start with k, third letter k) |
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Term
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Definition
| The tendency to be more confident than correct- to over estimate the accuracy of ones beliefs or judgements |
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Term
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Definition
| The way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect desicions and judgements |
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Term
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Definition
| The tendency for ones pre-existing beliefs to distort logical reasoning, sometimes by making by making invalid conclusions that seems valid or valid conclusions seem invalid (capital punishment findings) |
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Term
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Definition
| Clinging to ones initial conceptions after the bias on which they were formed has been discredited |
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Term
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Definition
| Our cognition is effective and efficient and allows us to react quickly and ussualy adaptively (blindsight, morals intent, infants intuition, everyday perceptions, implicit mem, creativity, right brain thinking, etc...) |
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Term
| Disadvantages of intuition |
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Definition
| Can lead us astray to make wrong decisions ( overconfidence, illogical thinking, hindsight bias, illusory correlations, belief pers, framing) |
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Term
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Definition
| Our spoken, wrriten, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning |
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Term
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Definition
| In language, the smallest distinctive sound unit |
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Term
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Definition
| In language , the smalles the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or part of a word |
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Term
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Definition
| In language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others |
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Term
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Definition
| The rules for combining words into gramatically sensible sentences in a given language |
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Term
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Definition
| Set of rules we use to derive meanings for morphemes and even sentences |
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Term
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Definition
| Made out of phonemes into morphemes put together with grammar including semantics and syntax |
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Term
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Definition
| Beggining at about 4 months the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the house hold language |
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Term
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Definition
| The stage in speech develpoment, from about age 1 to 2 during which a child speaks mostly in single words |
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Term
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Definition
| Begginging at about age 2, the stage in speech development when the child speaks mostly in two word statements |
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Term
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Definition
| Early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram (go car) using mostly nouns and verbs and ommiting auxilary words |
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Term
| Language development; Skinner |
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Definition
| Represent nurture side of lang-development debate; proposed that we learn language form familiar principles of association, imitation, and reinforcement |
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Term
| Language development; Chomsky |
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Definition
| Represents nature side of lang-development debate; argues we are born with language accquisition device that biologically prepared us to learn a language (species wide presence of language and underlying similariteis, childrens rate or accquirign languag, uniform sequencs) |
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Term
| Language development; Cognitive scientists |
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Definition
| (Statistical learning: ability to detect speech patterns) Childhood is a critical perioid for learning spoken/signed language. children who dont learn it during early period loose ability to fully master language |
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Term
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Definition
| Whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think. |
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Term
| Examples of Linguistic determination |
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Definition
| -Brazil tribe without words for # over 3 have hard time matching 7/ We have hard time differentiating two yellows but languages with different names for them dont/ peaple describe themselves differnent in diiferent languages/ learning other languages intoroduces more vocab=ideas/expressions |
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Term
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Definition
| We often think in images when we learn in procedural memories (turn tap) Especially useful for mentally practicing upcoming events to increase skills (bball, ski) |
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Term
| 5 shared cognitive skils of humans/apes |
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Definition
| -from concepts -display insight -use/create tools -transmit culture innovations -theory of mind (capacity for r) easoning, self recognintion, empathy, imitation, understanding others minds) |
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Term
| Evidence if animal use of language |
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Definition
| -Bees dance to communicate direction/distance of food -dogs comprehend and respond to commands -apses signs and communicate with humans/learn vocab |
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Term
| Evidence against animal use of language |
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Definition
| -only humans can master verbal or signed expression of complex rules of syntax (you tickle, tickle you) |
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Term
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Definition
| Mental quality consisting of the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of statistical procedure that is conducted to identlify clusters or groups of related items (called factors) on a test; used to identify diff. dimensions of performance underlying total score |
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Term
| General intelligence (gfactor) |
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Definition
| a general intellignece factor that acccording to spearmen and others underlies specific mental abilities and is therefore measured by every task on an intelligence test |
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Term
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Definition
| A self confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negetive stereotype (Woman will do better if told they normally score same as men) |
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Term
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Definition
| A condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill (computing/drawing/etc...contributes to low iq score) |
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Term
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Definition
| Assesed by intelligence tests, which present well-defined problems as having a single right answer. (Sternbergs Triarch of intelligence) |
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Term
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Definition
| Demonstarting in reacting adaptively to novel situations by generating novel ideas (Sternbergs Triarch of intelligence) |
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Term
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Definition
| Often required for everyday tasks, which are frequently ill-defined with multiple solutions (Sternbergs Triarch of intelligence) |
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Term
| Spearmens general intelligence |
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Definition
| a basic intelligence that predicts our abilities in varied accademic areas (tends to be correct, but abilities diverse) |
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Term
| Thurstones primary mental abilities |
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Definition
| Intelligence may be broken down into seven factors; word fluency, verbal comprehension, spatial ability, perceptual speed, numerical ability, inductive reasoning, memory (informative, tend to cluster) |
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Term
| Gardners eight intelligences |
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Definition
| Abilities include broad range of skills beyond traditional school smarts (question of intelligence/talents?) include; linguistic, logical-math, musical, spatial, bodily kinesthic, intrapersonal, interpersonal, natural |
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Term
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Definition
| Intelligence is best classified into three areas that predict our real-world success; analytical, creative, practical |
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Term
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Definition
| Ability to percieve emotion(recognize in faces, music, stories, understand emotion (predict blend/change, manage emotion (expressin varied situation) Use emotion (enable adaptive/creating thinking) |
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Term
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Definition
| The ability to produce novel and valuable ideas |
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Term
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Definition
| A well developed base of knowledge (The more ideas, images, phrases we have available through learning the more chances we have to combine mental building blocks in novel ways) |
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Term
| Imaginative thinking skills |
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Definition
| Provide ability to see things in novel ways, recognize patterns and make connections (after mastering basic elements, one redefines/explores in in new ways) |
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Term
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Definition
| Tolerate ambiguity and risk (perseveres in overcoming obstacles and seeks new experiences rather than following pack) |
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Term
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Definition
| The focus on intrinsic pleasure and the challenge of the work (rather than the extrinsic motivators- deadlines, impressing people, money) |
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Term
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Definition
| Can spark, support, and redefine creative ideas (when one is mentored, chalenged, supported) |
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Term
| Intelligence and the brain |
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Definition
| Recent studies show correlation (+.40) between brain size & intelligence; autopsies show intelligent people have big brains but relationship unclear (big brain enable intelligence or intelligence cause big brain or third factor) |
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Term
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Definition
| Studies show that people who score high on intelligence tests also retrieve info from memory quickly abd percieve stimuli fast |
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Term
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Definition
| Correlation between intelligence and taking in perceptual images tends to be +.4/.5 |
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Term
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Definition
| Studies found that intelligent peoples brain waves measure more quickly w/greater complexity and have faster response when performing button test. |
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Term
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Definition
| Started modern intelligence movement by developing questions to predict french school childrens future progress to help them by putting them in special education (worried it would be used to label/limit children) |
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Term
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Definition
Reviesed binets work to use in the US to guide people toward appropriate oppurtunities (believed intelligence was inherited)
The Binet terman test was used to unfairly "document" certain ethnic groups as inferior, and some wanted only intelligent people reproducing |
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Term
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Definition
Mathematical formula supposed to measure a persons intelligence; originally defined as ratio between mental age and chronolgical age X100 (ma/caX100)
contemporary tests have avg of 100 |
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Term
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Definition
| A test designed to predict ones own future performance; aptitude is the capacity to learn |
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Term
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Definition
| A standardized test designed to measure what a person has learned |
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Term
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Definition
| (Wechsler Adult intelligence scale) Most widly used intelligence test; contains verbal and performance (non verbal) subtests |
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Term
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Definition
| Defining meaningfull scores by comparison with performance of pretested standardization group; to compare results, test has to be taken under same conditions |
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Term
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Definition
| A frequency curce where most occurences take place in the middle of the distribution and taper off on the side (bell curve) |
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Term
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Definition
| Refers to the extent to which a test yields consistent results, as assessed by tbe consistency of scores on two halves of the test, alternate forms, of retesting |
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Term
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Definition
| When a test measures what it has intended to measure (Valid tests are reliable, but reliable tests can be not valid) |
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Term
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Definition
| How well a test measures the behavior for which it is intended (driving test measures ability) |
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Term
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Definition
| What the test is designed to measure (future performance, intelligence, aptitude, etc...); the measure used in defining weather the test has predictive validity |
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Term
| Predictive validity (criterion-related validity) |
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Definition
| The success of which a test predicts the behavior it is designed to predict; it is assed by computing the test score criterion behavior (apptitude tests is measure future) |
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Term
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Definition
| The stability of intelligence scores increase with age; and many tests find stability of aptitude tests over time remarkable (by 4 years scores start to predict future and by 7 scores are fairly consistent with future scores) |
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Term
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Definition
| A condition of limited mental ability, indicated of an intelligence 70 or below and difficulty in adapting to the demands of life; varies from mild to profoud |
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Term
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Definition
| A condition of retardation and associated physical disorders caused by an extra chromosome in ones genetic makeup |
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Term
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Definition
| People with intelligenc test scores at the high end (contrary to myths) they are ussually well adjusted, healthy and unussually succefull academically |
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Term
| Intelligence and nature (heretability of intellgence) |
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Definition
Genetics significanly contribute to intelligence (proven by studies of twins, sibling, adopted family); most genetically similar ahave most similar scores
Heretability of intelligence: refers to extent of variation of group attributes to genetic factors (more equal environment = increase) |
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Term
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Definition
| Though genes are large part of intelligence, environment also makes a difference (twins raised apart have more different intelligence than raised together) Studies also show that impoverished, malnutrition contributes to development/intelligence. (high intelligence-long school- higher intelligence) |
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Term
| Intelligence and ethnicity |
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Definition
| Though different ethnicities have differnce intelligences, studies show that it is environmentally; race is socially not biologicallty defined. (white/black infants score same on predicting intelligence tests) |
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Term
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Definition
Girls: better spellers, word memory, verbally more fluent, locating objects, tast/touch/color, math computation, emotion
Boys: outnumber girls in underacheivemnet and math problems |
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Term
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Definition
Aptitude tests are necessarily biased (sensitive ot performance diff. caused by cultures) in order to predict how well tester will do in given situation.
Aptitude tests are not scientifically biased (better predict one group than another ) |
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Term
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Definition
| relatively permanent change in an organisms behavior due to experience |
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Term
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Definition
| learning that certain events occur together. The events may be two stimuli (classical conditioning) or a response and its consequences (operant conditioning) |
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Term
| classical conditioning (Pavlovian or respondent conditioning) |
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Definition
| A type of learning in which an organism comes to associate stimuli- a neutral stimulus that signals an unconditioned stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
| The view that psychology 1)should be an objective science that 2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most reaserches agree with 1 but not 2 |
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Term
| unconditioned response (UR) |
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Definition
| In classical conditioning, the unlearned naturally occuring response to unconditioned stimulus (salivation when food in mouth) |
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Term
| unconditioned stimulus (US) |
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Definition
| In classical conditioning, a stimuls that unconditionally (naturally and automatically) triggers a reponse |
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Term
| Conditioned response (CR) |
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Definition
| In classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral (now conditioned) response |
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Term
| Conditioned stimulus (CS) |
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Definition
| In classical conditioning, an originally irrelavent stimulus that after association with an unconditioned stimulus comes to trigger a conditioned respose |
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Term
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Definition
| The initial stage in classical conditioning; the phase associating a natural stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus so the neutral stimulus comes to elicit a response. In operant condintioning the strengthening of a reinforced response |
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Term
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Definition
| The diminishing of a condtioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus does not follow a conditioned stimulus. occurs in operant conditioning when a response stops being reinforced |
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Term
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Definition
| The reappearence, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response |
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Term
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Definition
| The tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimulus similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses |
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Term
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Definition
| the ability to differentiate between two simular stimuli |
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Term
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Definition
| Understanding that conditioning that condtioning princaples are influenced by our thoughts, perceptions, expectations |
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Term
| biological predisposition |
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Definition
| What an organism is pre-disposed becuase of their genes and survival |
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Term
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Definition
| Worked with classical conditioning (Pavlovs salivating dogs) and laid foundation fro behaviorism |
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Term
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Definition
| Challenged idea that associations can be learned equally well. Known for rats taste aversion learning (CS and US have natural associations out of lab and biological predispostitions make some associations easier |
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Term
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Definition
| Believed human emotions and behavior, though influenced bioplogically, are mainly a bundle of conditioned responses ("little Albert" experiment fear of white rats) |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punishment |
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Term
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Definition
| Behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus; skinners term for behavior learned through classical conditioning |
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Term
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Definition
| Behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences |
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Term
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Definition
| Throndikes principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely and behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely |
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Term
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Definition
| A chamber (skinners box) containing a bar or a key that an animal can manipulate to obtain food/water reinforcer with an attached device to record animals rate of press/pecking. Used in operant conditioning reaserch |
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Term
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Definition
| An operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer approximations of the desired behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| In operant conditioning, any behavior that strengthens the event it followed |
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Term
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Definition
| Increasing behavoirs by presentiong positive stimuli, (such as food; any stimulus that when presented after a response, strengthens the response |
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Term
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Definition
| Increasing behaviors by stopping reducing negetive stimuli,( such as a shock); any stimulus that when removed after a response, strengthens the response (NOT punishment) |
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Term
| ways to increase behavior |
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Definition
| positive/ negetive/ primary/ conditioned/ immediate/ delayed reinforcers |
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Term
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Definition
| An innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satifies a biological need |
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Term
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Definition
| Reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs |
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Term
| partial (intermittent) reinforcement |
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Definition
| Reinforcing a response only part of the time results in a slower accquisition of a response but much greater resistence to extinction |
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Term
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Definition
| In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after a specified # of responses |
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Term
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Definition
| In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable # of responses |
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Term
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Definition
| In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after a specific time has elapsed |
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Term
| variable interval schedule |
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Definition
| In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredicatable time intervals |
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Term
| ways to decrease behavior |
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Definition
negetive/positive punishment
negetive reinforcement |
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Term
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Definition
| An event that decreases the behavior that it follows |
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Term
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Definition
| A mental representation of the layout of ones environment (After exploring a maze, rates act as if they have a cognitive map) |
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Term
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Definition
| Learning that occurse but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it |
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Term
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Definition
| A desire to peform behavior for its own sake |
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Term
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Definition
| A desire to peform behavior due to promised results of threats of punishemnt |
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Term
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Definition
| Devoted life to exploring princaples and conditions of learning through operant conditioning |
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Term
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Definition
| learning by observing others |
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Term
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Definition
| The process of observing and initiating a specific behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| Frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing others do so. The brains mirroring of anothers actions may enable initiation, language, learning, and empathy |
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Term
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Definition
| Demonstrated we are likely to initiate actions that go unmanipulated and tend to immitate models we precieve as similar/ admirable/ succesful |
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Term
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Definition
| Positive, constructive, helpful behavior (opposite of antisocial behavior) |
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Term
| conditioned reinforcer (secondary reinforcer) |
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Definition
| A stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with primary reinforcers |
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Term
| Developmental psychologist |
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Definition
| A branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughaut the life span |
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Term
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Definition
| The fertilized egg;m it enters a 2 week period of rapid cell divisoon and develops into an embryo (after attachin ro uterine wall) |
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Term
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Definition
| The developing human organism from aboiut 2 weeks after fertilization through thte second month (organs start to function) |
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Term
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Definition
| The developing human organism form 9 weeks after conception to birth |
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Term
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Definition
| Agents, sucha s chemicals and ciruses that can reach the embryo or fetus during pre natal development |
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Term
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Definition
| Physical and conitive abnormalities in children causedc by a pregnant womens heavy drinking. In severe cases, symptoms include noticable face misproportions |
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Term
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Definition
| A babys tendency to, when touched on the cheek, turn towards the touch and open mouth and search form nipple |
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Term
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Definition
| Decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation; as infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a visual stimulus, thier interest wanes and they look away sooner |
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Term
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Definition
| Newborn nervous system undergoes rapid growth spurt after birth; 3-6 months growth most in frontal lobes. Develpoment in association areas of cortex (enable thinking, memory, language). Brain pathway strengthen, develops with use until puberty. |
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Term
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Definition
| Biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavoir, relatively unifluenced by experience |
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Term
| Motor development (sequence) |
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Definition
| Though timing may vary, almost all babies follow sequence: rollong over, sitting, crawling, walking- Experience has little influence; motivation enables events |
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Term
| maturation and infant memory |
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Definition
| "Infantile amnesia" inability to consciously recall events that happened before 3 years results form chnage in way brain organizes memory. As cortex matures, long term memory storage increases |
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Term
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Definition
| Childrens reasoning develops in a series of stages and actively construct and modify understanding of world with interaction- form schemas, assimilate, a accomadate |
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Term
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Definition
| A concepr or framework that organizes and interprets info |
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Term
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Definition
| Interpresting ones new experiences in terms of ones existing schemas |
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Term
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Definition
| adapting ones current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information |
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Term
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Definition
| Developmental psychologist who revolutionized our understanding of childrens minds; believed childs mind developed through a series of stages |
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Term
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Definition
| All the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating |
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Term
| piagets sensorimotor stage |
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Definition
| In pieagets theory, the stage (birth to 2) when infants know the world mostly in terms of sensory impressions and motor activity |
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Term
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Definition
| The awareness that things continue to exist even when not percieved |
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Term
| Piagets preoperational stage |
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Definition
| In piagets throry, the stage (2-7) when a child learns to use language bu tdoes not comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic |
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Term
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Definition
| The princaple (Piaget believed to be a point of concrete operational reasoning) taht properties sucha s mass, volumke and number remain the same despite changes in objects forms |
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Term
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Definition
| In piagets throry, the operational childs difficulty taking another point of view |
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Term
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Definition
| Peoples ideas about their own and others mental states-about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts and behavior these might predict |
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Term
| piagets concrete operational stage |
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Definition
| In piagets throry, the state of congnitive development (from 6-11years) when children gain the mental operations which enable them to think logically about events. |
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Term
| piagets formal perational stage |
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Definition
| In piaget's theory, the state of cognitive development (starting at 12) when people think logically about abstract concepts |
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Term
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Definition
| The fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beggining by 8 months of age |
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Term
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Definition
| An emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and distress on seperation |
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Term
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Definition
| An optimal period shortly after birth when an organisms exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development |
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Term
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Definition
| The process by which certain animals from attachments during a critical period very early in life |
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Term
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Definition
| When children can play and explore comfortable in a mothers presnece, though distressed when leaves seeks for her when she returns. Caused bu sensitive and responsive parents |
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Term
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Definition
| When children explore less in a mothers presense and may cling to her, crying when she leaves, upset whne she returns caused by insensitive parents |
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Term
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Definition
| According to Erik Erikson, a sense that the world is predictable and trust wortthy; said to be formed during the early monthes of infanct by appropriate experiences with responsive care givers |
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Term
| parental neglect/family disruption |
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Definition
| Deprives children of the oppurtunity to form attachments and may become withdrawn and frightened and may not develop speech. If prolonged, childhood abuse places children at risk for a variety of physical, psycological, and social problems |
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Term
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Definition
| (when children are placed in foster care) damage appears to be minimal before 16 months, but children moved repeatedly and prevented form attachment by 2yrs at risk form attachment problems |
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Term
| day care affect on attachment |
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Definition
| Quality care with responsive addults interacting wwith childreb in safe, stimulating environments doesnt harm childrens thinking/language skills but extensive time in care may be linked with increased aggressiveness/defiance |
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Term
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Definition
| A sense of ones identity and personal worth (Darwins idea thath it happens when children recognize themselves in the mirror- red dot exper) |
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Term
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Definition
| Authoratarian, permissive, authoratative; the latter correlates with social competance (but the cause-effect relationship unclear) |
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Term
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Definition
| Parents impose rules and excpect obediance (with no explanation) |
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Term
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Definition
| Parents submit to childrens demands,ask little and punish rearely |
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Term
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Definition
| Parents are demanding but responsive to their children |
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Term
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Definition
| The transition period from childhood to adult hood, extending form pubery to adult |
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Term
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Definition
| The period of sexual maturation during whic a person becomes capable of reproducing (2 year growth spurt) |
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Term
| primary sex characteristics |
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Definition
| The body structures (ovaries, testies, external genetilia) that make sexual reproduction possible |
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Term
| secondary sex characteristics |
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Definition
| Nonreproductive sexual characteristics, such as female breasts and hips, male voice and body hair |
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Term
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Definition
| A girls first menstral period |
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Term
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Definition
| Significant matration occurs during adolecence and selective pruning of unused neurons and connections; includes growht of mylein but lags the emotional lymbic system (causes risky, impulsive behavior and emotional storms) |
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Term
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Definition
| Intellectual summit when adolescents gain the ability to reason abstractly; lets them form hypotheses and deduce consequences |
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Term
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Definition
| (According to Piaget) moral judgements reflect developing childs reasoning powers) Kholberg proposed3 levels of moral thinking: Preconventional morality, conventional morality, and postconventional morality |
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Term
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Definition
| Before age of 9, most children either obey to avoid punishment or to gain concrete rewards |
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Term
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Definition
| By early adoloescence, morality evolves into care for others and upholds laws and social rules simply because they are the laws |
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Term
| postconventional morality |
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Definition
| Some reach third level of morality, affirming peoples agreed upon rights or follows what one personally percieves as the basic ethical princaples |
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Term
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Definition
| Precedes moral thinking and judgemnets; the brains emotuion areas are active when people consider moreal dilemas (we feel disgust when witness unmoral and happiness when moral) |
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Term
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Definition
| Perspective that focuses on social influence on decsions to do the right things; teach children to empathize with others feelings and delay gratification to enable a bigger reward |
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Term
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Definition
| Theorist who concluded that each stage of life has its own pschological task, a crisis that needs a resolution |
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Term
| eriksons trust vs. mistrust stage |
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Definition
| (0-1) If needs are dependebly met, infants develop a sense of trust |
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Term
| eriksons autonomy vs. shame and doubt stage |
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Definition
| (1-2) Toddlers learn to excersise will adn do things for themselves or doubt themselves |
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Term
| eriksons initiative vs. guilt stage |
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Definition
| (3-5) Preschoolers learn to initiate tasks and carry out plans or feel guilty about efforts to be independent |
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Term
| eriksons competence vs. inferiority stage |
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Definition
| (6- puberty) Childrem learn pleasure of applying themsleves to a task or feel inferior |
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Term
| eriksons indentity vs. role confusion stage |
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Definition
| (teen-20) teenagers work at refining a sense of self by testing roles and intergrating them to form a single identity, or become confusd about who they are |
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Term
| eriksons intimacy vs. isolation stage |
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Definition
| (20's-40's) Yougng adults struggle to form close loving relationships and gain capacity for love or feel socially isolated |
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Term
| eriksons generativity vs. stagnation stage |
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Definition
| (40's-60's) In middle age, people discover a sense of contributing to the world, ussually though a family and work, or they feel a lack of purpose |
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Term
| Eriksons integrity vs. despair stage |
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Definition
| (60's and up) when reflecting on life , older adults may feel sense of satisfaction or faliure |
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Term
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Definition
| in eriksons theory, the ability to form close loving realtionships (primary developmental task in late adolescence-early adult hood) |
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Term
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Definition
| Adolescents (west culture) become increasingly independent yer most teenagers realate pretty well and are influenced in areas like religiosity and college/career choices |
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Term
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Definition
| Peer approval/ relationships are very imporatant to teens who talk, dress and act like peers |
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Term
| characteristics of adulthood |
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Definition
| Muscular stenght/ reaction time/ sensory ability/ cardiac output decline in late twenties |
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Term
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Definition
| The time of natural cessation of menutration; also refers to the biological chnages a woman experiences as her ability to reproduce declines |
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Term
| physical changes in later life |
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Definition
| Afte 70, hearing/ distance perception/ smell/ muscle strenghth/ reaction time/ stamina diminish. Elderly are more vulnerable to life threatening disease but not short term illnesses. Neural processer slow |
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Term
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Definition
| Mental erosion of brain caused by small strokes, brain tumors, alcohalism, alzheimers disease (Not normal part of aging) |
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Term
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Definition
| A progressive and irreversible brain disorder characterized by gradual deterioration of memory, reasoning language and lastly physical unctioning (3% of pop) |
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Term
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Definition
| Ability to recall information declines with age but ability to recognize info does not. Older adults recall meanigful info better than meanigless info. Prospective memory remains strong with cues but not with out cues (habitual/time based) |
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Term
| aging and intelligence (3 phases) |
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Definition
| Knowledge developed with three stages: cross sectional evidence for intellectual decline, longitudinal evidence for intellectual stability, it all depends |
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Term
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Definition
| (A study in which people of different ages are compared with each other) suggested that intelligence showed steady decline after early adulthood BUT didnt account for generational education |
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Term
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Definition
| (Retesting same people over a long a long period of time) suggested intelligence stable until late life BUT didnt account for those who dropped out of studies who may have been less intelligent/poor health |
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Term
| crystallized intelligence |
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Definition
| Ones accumalated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age |
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Term
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Definition
| Ones ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood |
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Term
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Definition
| The culturally prefferd timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood and retiremnet |
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Term
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Definition
| Love and work defining themes; psychologistsa believe commitment had a survival value for ancestors (stay with spouse- reproduce) Married people tend to be happier. birth of child welcome but may lead ot stress (finan/emotion). Career pathways choosing hard but satisfying work- satisfaction |
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Term
| well being across the life span |
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Definition
| stable; studies show as we age highs are less high and lows are less low but average satisfaction remains stable |
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Term
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Definition
| There is no normal reaction or series of grief stages; grief is most severe when it is sudden or befroe expected time. Older people with integrity may meet death affirming their owen meanigful/worthwhile life |
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Term
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Definition
| -reaserchs emphazizing experience/learining view develoment as more continuous while reasercher emphazing biological maturation see development as a series of genetically pre disposed changes |
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Term
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Definition
| -reaserch shows life long developmetn features stability adn changes; personality stabilizes with age and temprement is stable but toddlers/children/adults all chnage |
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Term
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Definition
| Ones sense of self; according to Erikson, the adolescent task is to solidify a sense of self by resting and intergrating various roles |
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Term
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Definition
| The process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system recieve and represent stimulus energies from our environment |
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Term
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Definition
| The process of organizing and interpresting sensory info, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events |
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Term
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Definition
| Analysis that begins with the sensory receptors and works up to the brains integration of sensory info |
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Term
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Definition
| Information processing guided by higher level mental processes as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experiences and expectations |
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Term
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Definition
| The mimimun stimulus needed to be percieved |
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Term
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Definition
| The study of relationships between the physical characteristics stimuli, such as their intensity, and our psychological experience of them |
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Term
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Definition
| The minimum stimululation needed to detect a particular stimuls 50 % of the time |
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Term
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Definition
| A theory predicting how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus "signal" amid background stimulation "noise". assumes there is no absolute threshold and detection depends partly on a persons experience, expectations, motivation, and level of fatigue |
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Term
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Definition
| Below ones absolute threshold for conscious awareness |
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Term
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Definition
| The activation, often unconsiously, of certain associations, thus predisposing ones perception, memory or response |
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Term
| Difference Threshold (jnd) |
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Definition
| The minimus difference between two stimului required for detection 50 % of the time (just noticable difference)--changes with magnitude |
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Term
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Definition
| The princaple that,to be percieved as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant miniumum percentage (rather than constant amount) |
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Term
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Definition
| Diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation (like routine oudors, sound, touch, etc) |
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Term
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Definition
| Conversion of one form of energy into another. In sensation, the transformation of stimulus energies, such as sights, sounds, semlls, into neural impulses our brain can interpret |
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Term
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Definition
| The distance from the peak of one light or sound wave to the peak of the next. Electromagnetic wavelenghts vary form the short blips of cosmic rays to long impulses of transmission |
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Term
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Definition
| The dimension of a color that is determined bu the wavelenght of light; what we know as the colors red, blue, etc.. |
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Term
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Definition
| The amount of energy in a light or sound wave, which we percieve as brightness or loudness, as determined by waves amplitude |
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Term
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Definition
| The adjustable opening in the center of the eye through wchihc light enters |
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Term
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Definition
| A ring of muscle tissue that forms the colored portion of the eye around the pupils and controls the size of the pupil opening |
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Term
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Definition
| The trasparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to focus near or far objects on the retina |
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Term
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Definition
| The process by which the eyes lens changes shape to focus near or far objects on the retina |
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Term
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Definition
| The light sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing the receptor rods and cones plus a layer of neurons that begin the process of visual information |
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Term
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Definition
| The sharpedness of vision |
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Term
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Definition
| A condition in which nerby objects are seen more clearly than distant objects because distant objects foucus in front of the retina |
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Term
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Definition
| A condition in which faraway objects are seen more clearly than near objects because the near obbjects image focus behind the retina |
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Term
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Definition
| Retinal receptors that detect black, white, and gray; necessary for peripheral vision and twilight vision, when cones done respond |
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Term
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Definition
| Retinal receptors that are concentrated near the center of the retina and that function in the daylight/well lit conditins. They detect fine detail and give rise to color sensations |
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Term
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Definition
| The nerve taht carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| The point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye, creating a blind spot because no receptor cells are located there |
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Term
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Definition
| The central focus point in the retina, around which the eye cones cluster |
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Term
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Definition
| Nerve cells in the brain that respond to specific features of the stimuls, such as shape, angle or movement |
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Term
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Definition
| The processing of several aspects of a problem simutaneously; t ebrains natural mode of info processing for many functions including vision (contrasts with the step by step processing of computers and conscious problem solving) |
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Term
| Young Holtz Trichromatic theory |
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Definition
| The theory that the retina contains three different color receptirs- one sensitgive to red, green and blue- which when stimulated in combinating can produce the perception of any color (additive mixing not subtractive like painting) |
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Term
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Definition
| The thoery that opposing retinal processes (red-green, yellow-blue, black- white) enable color vison. (some cells stimulated bu green and inhbited by red, and visa versa) |
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Term
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Definition
| Percieving familiar pbjects as having consistent colors even if changin illumination alters the wavelenghts reflected by the the object |
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Term
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Definition
| The number of complete wace lenghts that pass a point in a given time |
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Term
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Definition
| A tones experienced highness or lowness depending on the frequency (high=high, low=low) |
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Term
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Definition
| The chamber between the eardrum and cochlea containing three tiny bones (hammer, anvil, stirrup) that concentrate vibrations of the erdrum on the cochleas oval window. |
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Term
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Definition
| A coiled, bony fluid filled tube spiral in the inner ear through which sound waves trigger nerve impulses |
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Term
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Definition
| The inner most part of the ear containg the cochlea, semicircular canals and vestibular sacs |
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Term
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Definition
| In hearing, the theory that links pitch with the place where the cochleas membrane is stimulated (best explains how we hear high pitches |
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Term
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Definition
| In hearing, the theory that the rate of nerve impulses traveling up and down the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone, enabling us to hear pitch (best explains low pitches ) |
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Term
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Definition
| Hearing loss caused by damage mechanical system that conducts sound waves to cochlea (punctured ear drum, etc..) |
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Term
| Sensorineural hearing loss |
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Definition
| Hearing loss caused by damage to cochleas receptor cells or to the auditory nerves (nerve deafness)-(disease, heredity, aging, loud noises) |
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Term
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Definition
| A device for converting sounds unto electrical signal and stimulating the auditory nerve through electrodes threaded into the cochlea |
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Term
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Definition
| People who loose one chanel of sensation seem to compensate with slight enhancesment of other sensory abilities |
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Term
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Definition
| Sense of touch actually four senses -pressure, warmth, cold, pain that combine to produce other sensations, such as hot. Of these, only pressure has specialized receptors |
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Term
| Biological influences on Pain |
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Definition
| -activity in spinal cords large and small fibers -genetic differences in endorphin production -brians interpreting CNS activity |
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Term
| Psychological influences on pain |
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Definition
| -attention to pain -learning based on experience and expectations |
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Term
| Social-cultural influences on pain |
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Definition
| -presence of others -empathy for others pain -cultural expectations |
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Term
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Definition
| The theory that the spinal cord contains a neurological "gate: that blocks pain signals or allows them to pass to brain. OPened by activity of pain signals in small fibers, closed by activity in large fibers/ info from brain |
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Term
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Definition
| Treated both physically and psycologically. Includes drugs, surgery, electrical stimulation, massage, exercise, hypnosis, relaxation training, thought distraction |
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Term
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Definition
| A chemical sens composed of five basic sensations (sweet, sour, salty, bitter, unami) and auromas interacting with taste buds |
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Term
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Definition
| The princaple that one sense may influence another, as smell of food and taste |
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Term
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Definition
| A chemical sense, yet with no basic sensations. The smell 5 mill olfactory receptor cells wiht about 350 receptor protiens recognize individual odor molecuels |
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Term
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Definition
| The system for sensing position and movemnet of individual body parts |
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Term
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Definition
| The sense of body movemnent and position including sense of balance |
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Term
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Definition
| If we assume two objects are similar in size, we percieve the one that casts the smaller retinal image as farther away |
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Term
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Definition
| If one object partially blocks our view of another, we percieve it as closer. |
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Term
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Definition
| Because light from distant objects passes through more atmosphere, hazy objects percieved as far and clear objects as near |
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Term
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Definition
| Objects far away appear smaller and more densley pacjed. As they change from coarse and distinct to fine indistint they get farther |
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Term
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Definition
| We percieve higher objects in our field of vision as farther away |
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Term
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Definition
| While moving, stable objects appear to move. If you fix your gaze on a specific object all nearer objects will move backward and all beyond objects will move with you |
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Term
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Definition
| Parallel lines converge with distance. The more they converge, greater distance they are percieved |
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Term
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Definition
| Nearby objects reflect more light to out eyes, dimmer objects seem farther away |
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Term
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Definition
| An illusion of movemnet created when two or more adjacent lights blink on and off in seccession |
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Term
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Definition
| Percieving objects as unchanging (consistent light/color/shape/size) even as illumination and retinal images change |
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Term
| Shape and size constancys |
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Definition
| Our ability to percieve familiar objects as unchanging shape or size despite images cast on outr retina |
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Term
| Size distance relationship |
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Definition
| Close relationship, knowing size gives us clues to distance and visa vera (though may be misleading in a n illusion) |
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Term
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Definition
| Our ability to percieve an object as having constant lighting even when illumination changes |
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Term
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Definition
| In vision, the ability to adjest to an artificeally displaced or even inverted visual field |
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Term
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Definition
| A mental predisposition to percieve one thing and not the other (UFO's or monster in lake from article) |
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Term
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Definition
| A given stimules may trigger radically different perceptions partly because of our schemas, but also immediate context |
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Term
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Definition
| A branch of psychology that explores how people and machines interact and how machines and physical environments can be made safe/easy to use. |
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Term
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Definition
| The contreversial claim that perception can occur apart from sensory input. Said to include telepathy, clairvoyancem and precognition |
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Term
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Definition
| The studty of paranormal phenomena, including ESP and psychokinesis |
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Term
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Definition
| The focusing on conscious awareness on a particular stimulus, as in the cocktail party affect |
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Term
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Definition
| Failing too see visible objects when our attention is elsewhere. |
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Term
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Definition
| The tendencty for vision to dominate other senses |
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Term
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Definition
| Percieving as an organized whole. Gestalt psychologists emphazized our tendency to integrate peices of info into meaningful wholes |
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Term
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Definition
| The organization of the visual field into objects (the figures) that stand out from their surroundings (the ground) |
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Term
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Definition
| The perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups |
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Term
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Definition
| We group nearby figures together (6 lines equals three sets) |
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Term
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Definition
| We group figures simillar to each other (three columns cirles and triangles) |
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Term
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Definition
| We percieve smooth continous patterns rather than discontinous ones (wave not semi circles) |
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Term
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Definition
| We percieve figures as connected and uniform (dot line dot, etc) |
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Term
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Definition
| We fill in gaps to create whole and complete object (star from gaps) |
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Term
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Definition
| The ability to see objects in three dimensions althought the images that strike our retina are two dimensionsal; allows us to judge distances |
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Term
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Definition
| A laboratory device for testing depth perception in infants and young animals |
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Term
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Definition
| Depth cues, such as retinal disparity and convergence that depend on the use of two eyes |
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Term
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Definition
| A binocular cue for percievign depth; by comparing images from two eyballs, the brain computes the distance- the greater the disparity between the images the closer the object |
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Term
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Definition
| A binocular cue for percieving depth; the exptent to which the eyes converge inward when looking at an object, Greater inward strain, the closer the object |
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Term
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Definition
| Depth cues, sucha s interposition and linear perspective, available to e\ither eye alone. |
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Term
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Definition
| Our awareness of ourselves and our environment |
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Term
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Definition
| In addition to waking awareness is also altered states (day dreaming, sleeping, meditative, drug induced hallucination) |
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Term
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Definition
| Periodic physiological fluctuations |
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Term
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Definition
| Some animals hibernate, humans may experince seasonal variations om apetite/sleep/mood |
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Term
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Definition
| Female menstral cycle averages 28 days and may cause fluctuations in moods |
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Term
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Definition
| Humans experience 24 hour cylcles of varying alertness, body temperature, growth hormone secretion (All mamamals/birds sleep) |
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Term
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Definition
| We move through various stages of sleep in 90 minute cycles (smaller animals have smaller cycels) |
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Term
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Definition
| The biological clock; regular bodily rythms (ex: temp/wakefullness) that occur on 24 hour cycle |
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Term
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Definition
| A pair of pinsized clusters of 20,000 cells that control th ecircadian clock (causing brains penal glands to decrease/increase production of melatonin) |
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Term
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Definition
| Stage 1 (images/hallucinations) Stage 2 (sleep spindles) Stage 3 (transition) Stage 4 (deep sleep, delta waves) REM (dreaming) |
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Term
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Definition
| Rapid eye movement sleep; reccurring sleep stage where vivid dreams commonly occur. AKA paradoxial sleep because muscles relaxed but other body systems active |
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Term
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Definition
| Relatively slow brain waves of relaxed, awake state |
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Term
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Definition
| Periodic, natural, reversible lack of consciousness (distinct from unconscious, coma, hibernation, anesthesia) |
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Term
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Definition
| False sensory experiences, such as seeing somethingin absense of visual stimuli |
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Term
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Definition
| Large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep |
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Term
| Differences in sleep need |
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Definition
| Most people allowed to sleep for any length of time choose 9 hours but varies with age (newborns 2X adult) and influenced by individual like genetics |
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Term
| Effects of sleep deprivation |
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Definition
| Puts people at risk for not only fatigue but also deppressed imune system , impaired concentration, creativity, communication, irritability , slowed performance can alter metabloc / hormonal functions causing obesity hypertension , memory impaired |
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Term
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Definition
| Sleep may have played a protective role in human evolution by keeping people safe during potentially dangerous periods (night) |
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Term
| Sleep theory restore and repair |
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Definition
| Sleep gives brain time to heal- restore and repair damaged neurons |
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Term
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Definition
| Sleeplets us restore and rebuild memories of days expreiences and a good nights sleep promotes insightful problem solving the next day |
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Term
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Definition
| Sleep encourages growth; the pituary glands secretes a grwth hormone in stage 4 sleep |
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Term
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Definition
| Recurring problems in falling or stayign asleep |
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Term
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Definition
| A sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks (lapsing directly into REM sleep and inconvenient times) |
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Term
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Definition
| A sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing durign sleep or momentary awakenings |
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Term
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Definition
| A sleep disrder characterized by high arousal and appearance of being terrified (occure in stage 4 -unlike night mares and seldom remembered) |
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Term
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Definition
| Aequence of imagges . emotions, thoughts passing throught sleepers mind. Notabel for hallucinatory images and dreamers delusional acceptance of content and difficulty remebering |
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Term
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Definition
| Accordign to Freud, the remebered story line of a dream (distant from latent or hidden content) |
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Term
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Definition
| According to Frued, the underlying hidden content of a dream (diff from manifest story line) |
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Term
| Why we dream: satisfy our own wishes / latent content |
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Definition
| Freud believed that we dream to provide a safety value because their story line (manifest content) is a censured version of some underlying meaning that gratifies our unconscious wished (latent content) |
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Term
| Why we dream: file away memories |
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Definition
| The information processing perspective on why we dream is that dreams help sort out the days experiences and fix them into memory |
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Term
| Why we dream : to preserve neural pathways |
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Definition
| Other physiologival theories of dreaming propose that REM induced induced regualr braiin stimulation helps preserve neural pathways in the brain |
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Term
| Why we dreaL to make sense of neural static |
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Definition
| Tge activation syntheseis explanatin is that REM slep triggers impulses in the visual cortex whihc evoke random visual imagaes that our brain tries to make into a story |
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Term
| Why we dream: to reflect cognitive development |
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Definition
| The brain maturation/ cognitive development perspective believes dreams represent the dreamers level of development, knowledge and understanding |
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Term
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Definition
| A social interaction in which one person (hypnotist) suggests to another (subject) that certain perceptions , feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur |
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Term
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Definition
| To some extent, nearly every one is hypnotizable , though some more than othes |
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Term
| Hypnosis and repressed memories |
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Definition
| Hypnosis does not enhance recall of forgotten events and may evoke fake memories |
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Term
| Hypnosis and a persons will |
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Definition
| Hypnotized people, like unhypnotized people may perform unlikely acts when told to do so by an authoritative person |
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Term
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Definition
| A suggestion, made suring a hypnotivc session to be carried out after subject is no longer hypnotized; used by some slinicians to help control undesired symptoms and behaviors |
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Term
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Definition
| A split in consciousness, which allows asoem thought and behaviors to accur simutaneouly wiht others |
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Term
| Hypnoiss as a social phenomenon |
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Definition
| Supported by people who believe a hypnotized person is unknowiglyu acting out the role of a good subject and expereiments which show people stop responding to hypnosis when told it shows their gullibility |
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Term
| Hypnosis divided consciousness |
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Definition
| Supported by the fact that 1) hypnotized people carry out posthypnotic suggestions when no one is watching 2) Brain scans of hypnotized people told to "see" things shoes same lit up as with real stimuli 3) People hynotized for pain relief show activity in recieving sensory ingfo but not processing it |
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Term
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Definition
| A chemical substance that alters perceptions and mood |
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Term
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Definition
| The diminishing effect wwith regualar use of the same does of drug requiring the user to take larger doese for effect |
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Term
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Definition
| THe discomfort and distress that folloe discontinuing the use of addictive drugs |
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Term
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Definition
| A physologial need for a drugm marked by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when a drug is discontinued |
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Term
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Definition
| A psychological need to used a drug such as to relieve negetive emotions |
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Term
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Definition
| Compulsice drug craving and use |
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Term
| Three misconceptions about drug addiciton |
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Definition
| -Addictive drugs quickly corrupt -Therapy is required to pvercome addiction -concept of addiciton can meaningfully be extended beyond chemical dependence to wide range of behaviors |
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Term
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Definition
| Drugs that reduce neural activity and slow body function (alcohal, barbituates, opiates) |
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Term
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Definition
| Drugs that depress the activity of the cntral nervous system, reducing anxiety but impairing memory/ judgement |
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Term
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Definition
| Opium (marphine, heroin) which depress neural activity temporarily lesseming pain/anxiety |
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Term
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Definition
| Drugs that excite neural activity and speed up body functions (caffiene, cocaine, extacy, powerful amphetimines) |
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Term
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Definition
| Drugs that stimulate neural activity, causing speeded up body functions and associated enercy and mood changes |
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Term
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Definition
| A powerfully addictive drug that stimulates the central nervous system with speeded up body functions and associated energy and mood changes; overtime, appears to reduce baseline dopamine levels |
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Term
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Definition
| Drug which blocks the reputake of dopamine, nonrepinphrine and seratonin at synapsis givign user 15-30 minute high/ crash. Highly addictive and can lead to cardivascular stress/ suspicion |
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Term
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Definition
| A synthetiv stimulant and mild halucigen. Produces euphoria and social intimacy nit with short term health risks and long term harm to seratonin producing neurons / mood/ cognition |
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Term
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Definition
| Psycadelic drugs (LSD) that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in absense of sensory input |
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Term
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Definition
| A powerful hallucigenic drug; also known as acid |
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Term
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Definition
| Main ingrediant TCC triggers disinbition, euphoric high, relax, relief, intense sensitive, can also amplify anxiety, depression, impair coordination, reaction, memory, lung tissue |
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Term
| Biological influences of drug use |
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Definition
| Some may be biologicallyu vulnerable to drugs and evidence shows heredit influences (-genetic tendencies -dompamine reward circut) |
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Term
| psychological influences on drug use |
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Definition
| (lacking sense of purpose -significant stress -psycological disorders such as depression) |
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Term
| Social cultural influences on drug use |
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Definition
| Social cultural influences can lead ot drug use (-urban environment -belonging to drug using cultural group -peer influence) |
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Term
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Definition
| An altered state of consciousness reported after a close brush with death (like cardiac arrest) similar to drug nduced hallucinations |
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Term
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Definition
| THe presumption that mind and body are two distinct entities that interact |
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Term
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Definition
| The presumption that mind and body are differenct aspects of the same thing |
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Term
| Evolutionary psychologists |
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Definition
| The study of the evolution of behavior and the mind, usingn princaples of natural selection |
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Term
| Parents, peers and culture |
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Definition
| Influence our beliefs. values, interests, food taste, language, appearance |
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Term
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Definition
| Influence how we percieve others/ourselves (though very similar overall) |
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Term
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Definition
| Every non genetic influence, from prenatal nutrition to the people and things around us |
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Term
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Definition
| The study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| Threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain genes |
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Term
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Definition
| A complec molecule containing genetic onfo that makes uo chromosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| The biochemical inits of heredity that make up the chromosomes; a segment of DNA capable of synthesizing a protien |
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Term
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Definition
| The complete instructions for making an organism, consisting of all the genetic materical in an organisms chromosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| Twins who develop from a single fertilized eff tghat spilts in two creating genetically identical individuals |
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Term
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Definition
| Twins who develop from seperate fertalized eggs . They are genetically no closer that a brother/sister but share the same fetal environment |
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Term
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Definition
| Twins are very useful for studies fro researchers can observe seperated twins at birth and clearly see heredity/environment effects |
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Term
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Definition
| Seperated teins share appearace and the respones it evokes. Resuls shift scientific thinking to greater gentic influence |
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Term
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Definition
| Adopted children tend ot resemble ter biological parents in personality and adopted parents in values |
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Term
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Definition
| A persons characteristics emotional relativity and intensity |
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Term
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Definition
| Studies indicate that heredity plauys a much larger role than environment in develometn of temperament (appears shortyly after birth and stable through life) |
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Term
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Definition
| THe proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes(varies depending on range of populations/environments) |
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Term
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Definition
| Heritable individual differences in traits (height/intelligence) dont explain group differences because putting people in different contexts can change their traits |
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Term
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Definition
| Genes and environment work together. Genes are self regulating react differecntly in different contecys (nature via nurture) |
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Term
| Gene environment interaction |
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Definition
| The effect of one factor (environment) depends on another factor (heredity) |
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Term
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Definition
| The subfield of biology that studies molecular structure and function of genes (working on finding traits that predict disorders in fetus) |
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Term
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Definition
| Focus mosltly on what makes us so alike as humans |
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Term
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Definition
| The orinciole that (among range of individuals traits) those leading to increased reproduction and survival will be passed on to next generation |
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Term
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Definition
| A random error in gene replication that leads to change |
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Term
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Definition
| Men and women differ in attitudes towanrs sex (men- causual and perfer sex more often, women-relational and perfer affectionate sex ) |
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Term
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Definition
| We are predisposed to act in a way that will leave grandchildren (Women- choose healthy, dominant man and Men-choode young woman) |
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Term
| critisims of evolutionary explanation of human behavior |
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Definition
| Evolutionary psychologists start with the effect and work backwards to find an explanation/ evolutionary perspectives underestimate cultural expectations and socialization/ Evolutionary view aabsolves people from taking ethical and moral responsibilities |
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Term
| prenatal nurturing of twins |
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Definition
| Prenatal environments difrfer in terms of nutrition and exposure to toxic environments. Even identical twins sharing placenta can, because of differeing locations, have unequal access to niutishment and protection form vuruses |
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Term
| experience and brain development |
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Definition
| During maturatin a childs neural connections increase ina reas associated with repetitcve activities (vision) and unused synapses degenerate. Though mostevident in young children, carries on throughuot life |
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Term
| parents impact on behavior |
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Definition
| Parents influence some areas of childrens lives (manners, political, religious beliefs) but inothers (personality)environmental siblings share less than 10% diff |
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Term
| peer influence on behavior |
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Definition
| Influence learnigin to cooperate, acheiving popularity, styles and interactin. Parents help shape peers by chooding neighborhood |
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Term
| cultural influence on behavior |
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Definition
| Cultures influence ideas, attitudes, values, traditions |
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Term
| cultural differences in human behavior |
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Definition
| Cultures vaty in theor ideas, attitudes, values, traidtions. Newcomers may experince cultrue shock cauesed by lack of understanding for norms (personal space, expresssions, slower/faster life) |
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Term
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Definition
| A understood rule for accepted and expected behavior . Norms prescribe "proper" behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| A buffer zone afound us we like to maintain |
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Term
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Definition
| Giving prority ones own golas over group goals and defining identity in terms of personal attributes |
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Term
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Definition
| Giving prority ti ones groups (extended family/work goup) and defining ones identity accordingly |
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Term
| culture and child rearing |
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Definition
| Individualtists cuktures expect members to be independent and thing for themselves while collectivist cultures emohaasize anstronger famly, develo emotional closeness |
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Term
| similarities accross groups |
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Definition
| Although we differ in cultures, we share same gentic profile, life cycle, language capacity, biologica, needs, need to belong |
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Term
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Definition
| Male snad females are similarr in genetic makeup (45 of 46 chromosome) Differ in body fat, muscle height ,age of pubery , lifge expectancy, and psychologically (more prone to different psycho diseases) |
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Term
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Definition
| Men more than women behave aggresively and secribe themselves as aggresice . the gao appears in many cultures and at various ages |
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Term
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Definition
| IN most societies, men are more socially dominant and are percieved as such. Men tend to occupy more leadership positions and habe more direct leadership |
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Term
| gender and social connectedness |
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Definition
| Women are more concerend with making connections. Noticable in childs play and continues through teen and adult. Women tend to befriend , wmphasiz caring, stronger bonds, supportive (men emphasize freedomand self reliance) |
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Term
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Definition
| X chromosome s atre hte sex chromosomes found in men/woman . Y only in males. |
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Term
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Definition
| The most inmportant male sex hormone (both males and females have some but addtional stimulates growth of male sex rgans in fetus/ puberty |
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Term
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Definition
| Our biology influences our gender, but culture shapes gender roles (expectations) Roles can vary from one place to another and one time to another within cultures |
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Term
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Definition
| Ones sense of being male or female |
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Term
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Definition
| The accqisition of tradtional masculine of feminine role |
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Term
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Definition
| The theory that we learn soceal behavior by observing and imitating and being rewarded or punushed |
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Term
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Definition
| the theory that childreb learn from their cultrues concept of what it means to be male or female and act accor5dingly |
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Term
| biosychososial approach to development |
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Definition
| Our individual biological and psycycological characteristice evoke reactins from those around us which then influence our behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| An interdisiplinary field that intergrates behavioral and mental knowledge and applies that knowledge to health and disease |
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Term
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Definition
| Our body responds to stress with a to track system 1) sypathetic nercous system prompts relaese of stress hormanes epimephrine/nonrepimenrine to inner adrenal glands 2) Celebral cortex dircets glucortocod strss hormaone to outer adrenal galnds |
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Term
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Definition
| A subfield of psychology that provides psychologys contributions to behavioral medicine |
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Term
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Definition
| The process by which we percieve and respond to certain events (stressors) that we appraise as threatenting/challenging |
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Term
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Definition
| Stressful events (which can lead to stress) |
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Term
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Definition
| Seleys concepot of bodies adaptive response system 1)alarm 2)resistance 3) fatigue |
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Term
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Definition
| Stressors can threaen us and experienceing sever/prologned stress can harm us |
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Term
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Definition
| Large scale catasphes can increase depression and anxietuy and also preoblems concnetrating/ sleeping |
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Term
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Definition
| death of a loved one, job loss, marriage, etc... leaces people vulnerable to disease |
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Term
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Definition
| (continous everyday stressors) most significant source of stress and can damage health/well being |
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Term
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Definition
| The clogging of vesseles that nourish heart muscle. the leading cause of death in many developed countries |
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Term
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Definition
| Friedman and Rosenmans term for competitive , hard driving, impatient, verballu aggresive, anfer prone people |
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Term
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Definition
| Friedman and Rosenmans term for easygoing relaxed people |
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Term
| Psycholphysiological illness |
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Definition
| Literally mind body illmness, any stress related physical illness (headaches, hypertensioon) distinct from hypochondriansis |
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Definition
| The two types of white blood cells that are a part of the bodys immune system. B cells form bone marrow and release antibodies while T cekks form thymus and other tissue and attach cancer celss/disaese |
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Definition
| Supportive family members/marriage./freinds pers hepl people with strong immune system, etc... |
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Definition
| Aids caused by HIUVC but stress and negetive emotions may accelerate progression from viral infection to aids |
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Definition
| stress doesnt create cancer cells and reasaerchers agtress that avoiding stress and maintaing positive outlook cannot reverse the destructive proceess |
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Term
| conditioning the imsystem |
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Definition
| Reasaerchers have condition the immune system to suppresion in lan experiments and others are working on ways to conditin immune system enhancement |
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Definition
| Alleviating strss usinging emotional, cognitive or behavioral methods |
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Definition
| Attemoting to alleviate stess by changing the stressor or the way we interact with the stressor |
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Definition
| Attemoting to alleviate stess by avoiding or ignoring the stressor and attendig to emotional needs relating to stress |
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Definition
| A oercieved lack of contol has been associated with high than normal suspeptibilyt to infections, cardivascular disease, shorter lfe span etc... |
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Definition
| Compared with people woth pessimistic explanatory style, optimists feel as they have more control over stressors and cope better stronger immune sysrem, live longer... laughter also may reduce stress and strenthen immune |
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Definition
| sustained exeercise that increases heart and lung fitness; may alleviate depression and anxiety |
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Definition
| A system for electronically recoringing, amplyfying abd feeding back info regarfing a subtle physical state (blood pressure, muscle tencion) |
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Definition
| Simple relaxation exercises effective in combatting hypertencion, anxiety , insomnia, lowering heart atack risk |
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Definition
| Shown increased left frontal lobe activity, improved immune functioning |
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Definition
| Religious affliations linked with ling life span due to 1) religious leas healthy life styles 2) have close social community 3) sense of hope, optimism |
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Definition
| 1 in 3 will develop a physical addiction to nicotine/damages every part of the body |
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Definition
| 1 in 23 will become addicd to to nicotene (as hard to break as crack or heroin) from release of enforohines, chemical, necotine takes away unpleasent craving and delivers reward |
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Definition
Programs try to provide info about neg effects, educate uou about influence of peer, parent, media, use modeing and role playing.
Set date, infrmo athers, remove cigarettes, use oatch , abstain, exercis |
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Definition
| Obeisty is linked to stress (then mroe from discrimination) |
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Term
| Social effects of obesity |
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Definition
| Obesity threatens osychological well being, ohysical health. they encounter weitgthr discriminating, have trouble with romantic relationships, interacting with family |
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Definition
| Being overwith s at least part inherited trait (genes influesce nocy weight, doesnt dterimine) Somem prediposed to havce mroe fat cells and low metabollic rat |
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Definition
| Participants in witght loss programs experince a very high rate of faliure, but a high risk group. Survey show 25 to 60% have succesfullyu kept of f weigth |
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Definition
| Ill-fated theory claiming that bumps on ones skull reveal abilities/character traits |
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Definition
| A branch of psychology concerned with the links between biology and behavior |
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Definition
| When action potentials reach end of axon, they release neurotransmitters which carry messages across synaptic gap to receptor sites (reputake)- If signals strong enough, this neuron sends signal to next cell |
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Definition
| A nerve cell; the basic building block of nervous system |
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Definition
| The bushy branching extention of a neuron that recieves messages and conducts impulses toward the cell body |
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Term
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Definition
| The extension of a neuron, ending in branching terminal fibers, through which messages pass to other neurons / muscles/glands |
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Definition
| A layer of fatty tissue segmentally encasing the fibers of many neurons; enables greater trasmission speed of neural impulses |
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Term
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Definition
| A neural impulse; a brief electrical signal that travels down an axen. its generated bu the movement of positive atoms in and out of atom membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| The level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse |
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Term
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Definition
| The juction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body recieving (synaptic gap/ cleft) |
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Term
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Definition
| Chemical messangers that travers the synaptic gap between neurons, binf to receptor sites and influence weather neiron will generate impulse |
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Term
| Neurotrasmitters influence on us |
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Definition
| Each neurotrasmitter has a potential effect of behavior/emotions and travels its destined path to brain |
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Term
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Definition
| A neurotrasmitter that enables learning and memory/ triggers muscle contractions |
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Term
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Definition
| "morphine within" natural, opiatelike neurotrasmitters linked to pain control and pleasure |
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Term
| Chemically Altering Neurotransmission |
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Definition
| Drugs and other chemicals affect communication at synapse; agonists (opiates) exite by mimicking nerotrasmitters on blocking reputake whle Antagonists: (curare) Inhibit nerotrasmitters relesing/blocks effect |
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Term
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Definition
| Neural "cables" containing many bundled axons (part of PNS) which connect the CNS muscles, glands, sense organs |
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Term
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Definition
| Neurons that carry incoming infor from the sense receptors to the CNS |
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Term
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Definition
| Neurons that carry outgoing info from the CnS to the muscles and glands |
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Term
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Definition
| CNS neurons that internally communicate and intervene between snesory inputs/motor outputs |
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Term
| Peripheral nervous system |
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Definition
| (PNS) The sensory and motor neurons taht connect the CNS witgh the rest of the body |
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Term
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Definition
| THe divivsion of the PNS that controls the bodys skeletal muscles (skeletal nervous system) |
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Term
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Definition
| The part of the PNS that controls the glands and muscles of the internal organs (heart) Its sympathetic division arouses while its parasympathietic calms |
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Term
| Sympathetic nervous system |
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Definition
| The division of the automatic nervous system which arouses the body mobilizing its engergy in stressful events |
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Term
| Parasympathetic nervous system |
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Definition
| The division of the automativ nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy |
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Definition
| The brain and spinal cord |
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Term
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Definition
| A simple, automatic, inborn response to a sensory stimulus (knee jerk respons) |
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Term
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Definition
| Interconnected neural cells (can learn as feedback strengthens or inhibit connections producting recalls |
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Term
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Definition
| The bodys slow chemical communication system, a set of glands that secrete hormones into the blood stream |
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Term
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Definition
| Chemical messengers (mostly from endocrine glands) produced in one tissue whcih affect another tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| A pair of endocrine glands (just above kidneys) which secrete the hormone of epirphrine and nonepirephrine to help arouse the body in time of stres |
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Definition
| The endocrines system most influential gland whcih regualtes growth/controls others |
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Definition
| Damage to one side of brain causes paralysis of other side of body, damage to back disrupts vision while damage to front disrupts speech |
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Term
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Definition
| Todays scientists can electriacally, chemically, magnetically stimulate various brain parts and note effects. They can also surgically lession tissue in specific brain areas in animals |
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Term
| Recording the brains electrical activity |
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Definition
| Modern microelectrodes can deflect electrical impulses in simple neurons . An electoencephalagram (EEG) gives amplified reading of brains waves |
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Term
| PET (position emission tomography) |
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Definition
| A visual display of brain activity that detects where a radiocative form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given test |
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Term
| MRI (magnetic resonace imaging) |
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Definition
| A tequnigue that ises magnetic feild and radio waves to produce computer generated images that distinguish among diff types of tissue (so can see brain structure) |
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Term
| FMRI (functinal magnetic resonance imaging) |
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Definition
| A technique for revealing blood flow and therefore brain activity by comparing succesixe MRI scans showing brain anatomy ; fMRI scans show brain functions |
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Term
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Definition
| Oldest part and prain core, begginign where spinal cord swells entering skull; eresponsible for automatic survival functions |
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Term
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Definition
| The base of the brainstem; contrils heartbeat and breathning |
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Term
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Definition
| A nerve network in the brainstem tthat plays importnat role in controlling arousal |
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Term
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Definition
| The brains sensory switchboard, located on top of the brainstem; directs messages to recieving areas in cortex/ replies to cerebellums medula |
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Term
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Definition
| "little brain" attached to the end of stem; processes sensory input and coordinating movement oupput/balance |
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Term
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Definition
| A donut shaped system of neural structures at border of brainstem assoceated with fear, agressing and food or sex drives includes hippocampus, hypothalymus, and amygdyla |
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Term
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Definition
| Two lima bean sized neural clusters components of the lumbic system and linked to emotion |
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Term
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Definition
| Neural structure below thalymus; directs maintenence activity (eat/temp) helps govern endocrine system with pituary linked to emotion |
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Term
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Definition
| Intricate fabric of connected neural cells covering cerebral hemispheres; bodys ultimate control of info prcessising |
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Term
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Definition
| Cells in nercous system that support, nourish, protect neurons |
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Definition
| Portion of the cerebral cortec lying just behind forehead; involved in speaking/muscle meovements and planning/ speaking |
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Definition
| Portion of cerebral cortec at top rear of head;; recieves sensory input for touch/body position |
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Term
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Definition
| Portion of cerebral cortec at back of head; includes visial areas whihc recieve visual info (from opp field) |
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Term
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Definition
| Portion of cerbral cortex above ears which recieve auditory info (form opp ear) |
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Term
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Definition
| Stimulation causes movement of diff body oarts on motor cortex (always on opp side of body) |
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Term
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Definition
| Doctors able to map cortex according to which body arts it controls (parts requiring precise control-fingers0- occupy greatest cortical space) |
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Term
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Definition
| Allows us to operate machines with our brains/ thinking with microelectrode chip |
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Term
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Definition
| The area at the front of the parietal lobe that registers and processes body touvh and movemennt sensations |
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Term
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Definition
| Areas of the cerbreal cortec that are not invvolved in promaru motor or sensory functions; involved in higher mental functions such as lernng , remebering, thinking, speaking |
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Term
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Definition
| Involves motor cortex, brocas area, angualr gyns, visual cortec, wervnickes area |
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Term
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Definition
| Impairment of language usually caused by left hemisphere damage (either brocas or Wernickes area) |
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Term
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Definition
| Controls language expression - area of frontal love that directs muscle movement involved in speech |
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Term
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Definition
| Controls reception- brain area involved in language comprehension/expression |
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Term
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Definition
| Brains capacity for modification, as evident in brain reorganization following damage and experimanets of experience |
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Term
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Definition
| The larges band of neural fibers connecting towo brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them |
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Term
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Definition
| Condition in which twon brain hemispheres isolated |
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Term
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Definition
| Part of rain over corpus callsu |
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Term
| Brain organization and handedness |
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Definition
| Almost all right handedness process speech in left as do most left. lefts more reading disabilities/allergies but outperform on tests, may die sooner |
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Term
| Mind and Brain as a hollistic system |
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Definition
| Brain creates/controls mind which then influences brain |
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Term
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Definition
| A need or desie that energizes and directs behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| A complex behavior that is rigidly patterened throughout a species and is unlearned |
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Term
| Instict thoery vs. evolutionary perspective |
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Definition
| Insticnt theorists tried to classify human behaviors as propelled by instinct but when they were naming not explaining behaviors, evolutionaty theorists studied behaviors in search of adaptive functions |
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Term
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Definition
| The idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need |
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Term
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Definition
| A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry such as blood glucose, around a particualar level |
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Term
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Definition
| A positive or negetive environmental stimulus that motivates behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| Helps explain the motivation for behaviors dont reduce immediate physiological needs/tension states (Ex; curiosity driven behaviors suggest too little stimulation can motivate people to seek optimumj level opf arousal) |
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Term
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Definition
| Maslows pyramid of needs, begining at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher level sagety needs and the psychological needs become active |
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Term
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Definition
| Hunger corresponds wo stomachs contractions but has other causes sich as variations in body chemistry (insuklin, leptin, oresis, PYY) |
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Term
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Definition
| THe form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues. When its levek is low, we feel hunger. |
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Term
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Definition
| Hunger info intergrated into two areas of hypothalamus which regulates body weigth by affecting our feelings of hunger and saity. (Reaserchers differ if body has set point-biologically tendency to maintain optimum weight or setting point- envir/biologically influenced level which weight settles in response to calorie input/output) |
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Term
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Definition
Insulin: secreted by pancreas/controls blood glucose
Leptin: secreted by fat cells/causes brain to increase metabloism and dcrease huinger
Orexin: secreted by hypothalamus/hunger triggering hormone
Ghrelin: secreted by empty stomach/sends hunger message to brain
PYY: Digestive tract hormone/sends not hungry message to brain |
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Term
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Definition
| The point at which an individuals "weight thermostat" is supposedly set at./ WHen body falls below this weight an increase in hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may act to restore lost weight |
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Term
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Definition
| The body;'s resting weight of energy expenditure |
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Term
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Definition
| We humans prefer certain tastes (sweet/salty) but we learn to satisfy those preferences with specific foods eaten in context of our families/cultures. (However, some tastes, avoidance of new foods of ill foods, have survival value) |
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Term
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Definition
| An eating disorder in which a normal weight person (ussually adolescent female) diets and becomes significantly-15% or more- underweight, yet still feelign fat continuse to starve |
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Term
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Definition
| An eating disorder characterized by episodes of overeating ussually of high calorie foods, followed by vomiting, laxative use, or excessive exercisign |
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Term
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Definition
| THe four stages of sexual reponding described by Masters and Johnson- excitement, plateu, orgasm, resolution |
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Term
| Estrogen and its impact on sexual motivation |
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Definition
| A sex hormone secreted in greater amounts by females than males. In nonhuman mammals,. estrogen levels peak diring ovulatoion, promoting sexual receptivity |
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Term
| Testerone and its impact on sexual motivation |
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Definition
| A sex hormone, secreted ingreater amounts by males. Both femals and males have it, but the additional testosterone in males stimulates growth of male sex rgans in the fetus and the development of the male sex characteristics durign puberty |
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Term
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Definition
| Erotic materical: seeing, hearing, or reading explicit material can cause men and women to become aroused |
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Term
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Definition
| Sexual fantasies (especially combined with internal hormone pousha nd external pull) can influence sexual arousal. People with no genital sensation can still feel sexual desire |
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Term
| influences on teen pregnancy |
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Definition
| -Ignorance of potentail consequences -guilt related to sex -minimal communication about contraception with parents/partners -alcohal us -mass media norms of unprotected sex |
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Term
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Definition
| sexually trasmitted diseases; human papiloma virus, AIDS, etc... have spread rapidly and teen girls especially vulnerabel (due to less mature bodies and low levels of protective anti bodies) |
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Term
| Predictors of sexual restraint |
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Definition
| High intelligence, religiosity, father presence, participation in service learning tend to predict teen sexual restraint |
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Term
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Definition
| An enduring sexual attraction towards ones own (homosexual) or other (heterosexual) sex. |
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Term
| Same sex attrractions in animals |
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Definition
| Supports likelhood of a biological component of homosexuality (found in several hundered species) |
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Term
| The brain and sexual orientation |
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Definition
| Supports likelhood of a biological component of homosexuality. Brain scans show that in some brain areas, gay men are more likely than straigh men to have a female typical meuroanatomy |
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Term
| Genes and sexual orientation |
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Definition
| Supports likelhood of a biological component of homosexuality. Studies show that shared sexual orientation is higher among identical twins than fraternal twins and that fruit flies sexual attraction can be genetically manipulated. |
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Term
| Prenatal hormaones and sexual orintation |
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Definition
| Studies show altered prenatal hormone exposure may lead to homosexuality in humans and other animals... also men with more older brothers more likely to be gay. |
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Term
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Definition
| Scientific reaserch on sexual motivation does not attempt to define opersonal meaning of sex in our lives, but it is not value free; some say reserch/educators should openly acknowledge sex realted values recognizing emotional significance |
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Term
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Definition
| Our need to affiliate (feel connected and identified with others) boosted our ancestors chances fro survival, whcih may explain why humans in every society live in groups. |
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Term
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Definition
| Need to belong appears when people seek social acceptance and work to maintain relationships (or mourn loss) and feel joy of love (or gloom of lonly) |
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Term
| Social acceptance and controlled behavior |
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Definition
| We have high self esteem when socially accepted and focus our attention towards belonging, conforming to groups standards, and to make favorable impressions |
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Term
| Maintaining relationships |
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Definition
| We resist group dissolution and strive to maintain relationships and attachments, and fear being alone |
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Term
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Definition
| Astracized (excluded or shunned by others) people suffer from stress and depression- a real pain that decreases activity in the same brain areas that respond to physical pain |
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Term
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Definition
| When socially secure in friendhips/families/marriages people ten d to be healthier and have lower levels of depression/suicide/early death |
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Term
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Definition
| A completely invloved, focused state of consciousness with diminished awareness of self and time, resulting from optimal engagement of ones skills |
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Term
| Industrial organizational psychology |
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Definition
| The application psychological concepots and methods to optimizing human behavior in workplace |
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Term
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Definition
| A subfiled of I/O psychology that focuses on employee recruitment , selection, placement, training, appraisal, development |
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Term
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Definition
| Interviewers often overrate theur impression and are played by 4 factors 1) Interviews disclose applicants good intentions whcih are less revealign about habitual intentions 2)Interviewers often follow succesfull careers of those hired and nto those rejected -false sense of good choice 3) Interviewrs presumes people are what they seems 4) Interviewers preconceptions/moods color perceptioon of responses |
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Term
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Definition
| Interview process that asks the same job relevant questions of all aplicants, each of whom is rated on established scales |
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Term
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Definition
| Serves organizational purposes (helps decide who to keep, how to pay people, how to harness employee strenghtys) and individual peurposes (feedbak affirms workers strenchs/needed improvements). Methods include 1) checklists 2) Graphic rating scales 3) Behavior rating scales |
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Term
| organizational psychology |
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Definition
| A subfield of I/O psychology that examines organizational influences on wporker satsifactiona dn productivity and facilitates organizational change |
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Term
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Definition
| A desire for significnt accomplishment: for mastery of things, people, ideas, attaining high standard |
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Term
| satisfaction and engagement |
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Definition
| Reaserch shows that the most productive and engaged workers are those workign in satisfying environmetns. Employee satsfaction also traslates into higher progfits /ghigher productivity/ loyal customers |
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Term
| effective management techniques |
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Definition
| Effective managers -start by helpign people identify/,easure talets -match tasks to talents and then give people freedom to do what theyu do best -care how people fdeel about work -reinforce positive behaviors through recognition and reward |
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Term
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Definition
| Challenging goals motivate high achievment, especially combined with progress reports./ Morepover, when people also state implementation intentions (action plans with when, where, how to reach goals) they become mroe focused |
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Term
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Definition
Task leadership: goal oriented leadership that sets standards, organizes work, and focuses attention toweards goals
Social leadership: group-oriented leadership that builds teamwork, mediates conflict, and offers support |
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Term
| Eating disorders influence of psychological forces |
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Definition
| In eating disorders psychological factors (challenging family life/weight obsessed society) overwhelm the homeostatic drive to maintain balancced internal state. In adition, low selfg esteem and negetive emotions coinside |
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Term
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Definition
| A respose of the whole organism involving 1) physiological arousal 2) expressive behaviors 3) concsious experience |
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Term
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Definition
| the theory that expereince of emotion is our arawreness of our physiological responses to emotioon arousing stimuli |
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Term
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Definition
| the theory that an emition arousing stimulus simutaneously triggers physyological responses and subjective experience of emotion |
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Term
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Definition
| Schater singers theory that to expereince emotion one must 1)be physically aroused adn 2) cognitively label the emotion |
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Term
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Definition
| a machine commonly used in attempts to detect lies, that measures several of the ohysiological responses resonses accompanying emotion (persperation and cardiovascular and breathing changes) |
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Term
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Definition
| emotional release. In psychology, the cartharisis hypothesis maintains that "releasing" aggresive energy relieves aggressive urges. |
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Term
| feeel-good do-good phenomon |
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Definition
| peoples tendency to be helpful when already in a good mood |
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Term
| adaption-level phenomoenon |
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Definition
| Our tendency to form judgements (of sounds ,lights, of income, happiness) relative to a neutral level defined by our prior experience |
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Term
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Definition
| the perception that one is worse off relative to those whith whom one compares oneself |
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Term
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Definition
| deviant, distressful, and dsyfunctional behavior patterns |
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Term
| attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) |
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Definition
| a psychological disorder marjed bu the appearance by the age of 7 of one or more three key symptoms: extreme inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity |
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Term
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Definition
| the concept that diseases hace physical couses that can be diagnosed, treated, and in most cases cured. When applied to psychological disorders, the medical model assums that these mental illnesses can be diagnosed on the basis of their symptoms and cured thoru therapy which mau incled treatment in psychiatric hospital |
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Term
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Definition
| the American Psychiatric Associations Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fourth edition) a widley used system for classifying psychological disorders. presently distributed in an updated "text revision" (DSM-IV-TR) |
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Term
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Definition
| psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persisitent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety |
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Term
| generalized anxiety disorder |
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Definition
| an anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense , apprehensixve , and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal |
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Term
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Definition
| an anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable minute long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompaning chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations |
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Term
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Definition
| an anxiety disorder marked by a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object or situation |
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Term
| obssesive compulsive disorder (OCD) |
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Definition
| an anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and or actions (compulsions) |
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Term
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Definition
| disorders in which consious awareness becomes seperated (dissociated from previous memories, thoughts, feelings. |
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Term
| dissociative identity disorder (DID) |
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Definition
| a ratre dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or moredistinct alternating personalities. (multiple personality disorder) |
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Term
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Definition
| psychological disorders characterized by emotional extremes (major dpressive disorder, mania, bipolar...) |
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Term
| major depressive disorder |
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Definition
| a mood disorder in whoch a person expericences, in the absense of drugs or alcohal or a medical condition, two or more weeks of significantly depressed mood feelings of worthlessness and diminished interest or pleasure in most activities |
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Term
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Definition
| a mood disorder marjed by a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state |
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Term
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Definition
| a mood disorder in whioch the person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overly excited state of mania (manic -dpressive) |
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Term
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Definition
| a group of severe disorders characterized by disoganized and delusional thinking, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate emotions and actions |
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Term
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Definition
| false beliefs often of persucturion or grandeur that may be accompany psychotic disorders |
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Term
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Definition
| psychological disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning |
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Term
| anti social personality disorder |
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Definition
| a personality disorder in which the person (ussually male) exibits a lack of consciounce for wrongdoing, even towards friends and family members. May be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist |
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Term
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Definition
| in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in whcih the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrasing |
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Term
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Definition
| Freud's theory of personalitythat attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; the techniques ised in treating psychological disroders by seeking to expose and interprest inconscious tensions |
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| according to Frued, a resevoir of mostlu unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, memories. According to contemporatry psychologists, information processing of which we are unaware |
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| contains a resevoir of unconscious psychic energy tht, according to Frued, strives to satisfy basic sexual and agressive drives. the id operates on the pleasure principle, demanfing immediate gratification |
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| the largely conscious "executive" part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality. The ego operates on reality principle satisfying the ids desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain |
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| the part of personality that, according to frued, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgement. (the conscience) and for future aspirations |
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| the childhood stages of developmetnt (oral, anal, phalic, latency, genital) during which , according to Frued, the ids pleasure seaking energies for on distinct erogenous zones |
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| according to frued, a boys sexual desire toward his mother and feelings or jealousy or hatred towards his father |
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| the process by which , according to Frued, children incorporate their parents' values into their developing superegos |
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| accordign to frued, a lingering focus of pleasure seeking energies at an earlier psychosexulal stage, in which confliucts wer un resolved |
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| in psychoanalyctic theory, the ego's protective methods of reducign anxiety by unconciously distorting reality |
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| in psychoanalyctic theory, the basic defense mechanism that bansihes anxiety aroused feeligns, thoiughts, memories from consciousness |
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| in psychoanalyctic theory, defense mechanism which an individual faced with axitey retreats to a more infantil psychosexual stage, where some psychic energy remains fixated |
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| in psychoanalyctic theory, defense mechanism by which the ego unconsiously swithches unacceptable impulses into their opposites. Thus, people may express feeelings which are the ipposite of anxiety aroused unconscious feeligns (hate-love) |
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| in psychoanalyctic theory, defense mechanism by which people diguise their own threatenign impulses by attributeing to others |
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| in psychoanalyctic theory, defense mechanism offering self justyfying explanations in place of real, more threatening , unconscious reasons for ones actions |
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| in psychoanalyctic theory, defense mechanism that shifts sexual or aggressive impulses towards a more acceptable or less threatening object or person, as when redirecting anger toward a safer outlet |
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| Carl Jungs concept of a shared, inherited, reservoir of memorey traces from our species history |
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| a personality test, such as the Rorshach or TAT, that provides ambiguous stimuli designed ot trigger projection of ones inner dynamics |
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| Themativ Apperception Test (TAT) |
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| a projective test in which people express theur inner feeligns and interests through stories they make uop about an ambiguous scene |
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| the most widely used projective test, a set of 10 inkblots designed by Hermann Rosrsach seeks to identify people inner feelign s by analyzing their interpretaion of the blots |
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| proposes that faith in ones world view and the pursuit of self esteem provide protection against a deeply rooted fear of death |
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| according to maslow, the ultimate psychological need that arises after basuc physical and psychological needs are met and self esteem is achieved; the motivation to fullfill ones potential |
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| unconditional positive regard |
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| according to Rogers, an attitude of tatal accpetance rowards another person |
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| all our thoughts and feeligs anout ouselves, in answer to the question "who am i?" |
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| a characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act as assesed by self report inventories and peer reports |
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| a questionaire (often with true/false questions) on whcih people respond to items designed ot guage a wide range of feelings and behaviors; used to assess selected personality traits |
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| Minnesota Miltiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) |
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Definition
| the most widley reaserched and clinically used if all personalit tests. originally developed to indentify emotional disorders (still considered its most appropriate use) this test is now used for many other screening purposes |
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| a test (such as the MMPI) developed by testing a pool of items and then selecting those that discriminate between groups |
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| social cognitive perspective |
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| views behavior as influenced by the interaction between persons (and their thinking) and their social context |
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| the interacting influences between personality and environmental factors |
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| our sense of controlling our environment rather than feeling helpless |
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| external locus of control |
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| the perception that chance or outside forces beyond ones personal control determine ones fate |
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| internal locus of control |
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| the perception that one controls ones own fate |
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| the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable ot avoid repeared aversive events |
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| the scientific study of optimal human functioning; aims to discover and promote strencgths and vertues tjat enable individuals and communities to thrive |
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| overestimating others' noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders (as if we presume a plotlight shines on us) |
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| ones feeling of high or low self worth |
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| a readiness to percieve onesself favorably |
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| an emotionally charged, confiding interaction between a trained therapist and someone who suffers from psychological difficulties |
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| prescribed medications or medical procedures that act directly on the patients nervous system |
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| an approach to psychotherapy that, depending on the clients problems, uses techniques from various forms of therapy |
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| Sigmund Freuds therapeutic technique. frued believed that the patients free associations, resistances, dreams, and trasferences- and therapists interpretaitons of them- released previously repressed feelings, allowing the patient ot gain self insight |
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| ub psychoanalysis the blocking from consciousness anxiety laden material |
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| In psychoanalysis, the analysts noting supposed dream meanings, resistances, and other significant behaviors and events in order to promote insight |
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| in psychoanalysis, the patients transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships |
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| a humanistic thereapy, developed by carl rogers in which the therapist uses techniques such as active listening within a genuine accepting empathetic environment to facilitate clients growth |
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| Empathic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and clarifies. A feuture of Rogers client centered therapy |
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| Therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors |
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| a behavior therapy procedure htat conditions new respises to stimuli that trigger unwanted behaviors ; based on classical conditioning. (Includes exposure therapy and aversive conditioning) |
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| behavioral techniques, such as systematioc desesitalization, that treat axieties by exposing poeople (imagination/actuality) to things they fear and avoid |
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| systematic desensitization |
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Definition
| a type of conterconditioning that associeates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety triggering stimuli (commonly used to treat phobias) |
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| virtual reality exosure therapy |
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| An anxiety treatment that progressively exposes people to simulations of their greatest fears (airplane flying, spiders, public speaking) |
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| a type of counterconditiong that associates an unpleasant state (nausea) with an unwanted behavior (drinking alcohal) |
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| an operant conditioning procedure in which people arn a token of some sort for exhibniting a desired behavior and can later exchange the tokens for various privaledges or treats. |
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| therapy that teaches people new , more adaptive ways of thinking and acting; based on the assumption that our thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions |
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| cognitive-behavior therapy |
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| a popular intergrated therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing self defeating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behavior) |
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| theraoy that treats the family as a system. Views an individuals unwanted behaviors as influenced by or directed at other family members; attempts to guide family members toward positive relationships and improved communication |
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| a procedure for statisticallly combining the results of many different reaserch studies |
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| the study of the effects of drugs on mind and behavior |
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| involuntary movenment of the facial muscles, tongye, and limbs; a possile neurotoxic side effect of long term use of anti psychotic drugs that target D2 dopamine receptors |
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| electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) |
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Definition
| a bio-medical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electic current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient. |
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| repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) |
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Definition
| the application of repeated pulses of magnetic energy to the brain; used to stimulate or suppres brain activity. |
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| surgery that removes or destroys brain tissure in an effort to change behavior |
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| a now rare psychosuregical procedure once used to calm uncontrollably emotional orf violent patients. The procedure cut the nerves that connected to the fronal loves to the emotion controlling centers of the innerbrain. |
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| the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to each other |
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| suggests how we explain someones behavior-by crediting either the situation or the persons dispostition |
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| fundamental attribution error |
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| the tendency for observers, when analyzing anothers behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and overestimate the impact of personal disposition |
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| feelings, often based on our beliefs, that predisposes us to respond in a particular way to objects, people and events |
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| foot in the door phenomenon |
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| the tendency for pwoplw who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request |
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| cognitive dissonance theory |
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Definition
| the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognition) are inconsistent. for example, when our awareness of our attitudes and of our actions clash, we can reduce the resulting dissonance by changing our attitudes |
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| adjusting ones behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard |
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| normative social influence |
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Definition
| influence resulting from a persons desire to gain approval or avoid dissaproval |
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| informational social influence |
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| influence resulting from ones willingness to accept others opinions about reality |
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| stronger responses on simple or well learned tasks in the presence of others |
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| the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort ehen pooling their effrorts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable |
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| the loss of self awareness and self restraint occuring in group situations that foster arousal and anoymity |
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| the enhancement of a groups prevailing inclinations through discussion within a group |
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| the mode of thinking that occurs when the desore for harmonu in a decision making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives |
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| an unjustifiable (an ussually negetive attitude toweard a group and its members. prejudice generally involves steryotyped beliefs, negetive feelings, and a predispostion to discriminatory action |
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| a gerneralized (sometimes accirate but often overgeneralzied) belief about a group of people |
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| unjustifiable negetive behavior toward a group or its members |
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| "Us" people with whom one shares a common identity |
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| "them" those percieved as different or apart from ones ingroup |
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| the tendencey to favor ones own ingroup |
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| the tjeory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame |
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the tendenccy of people tp believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they seserve and deserve what they get.
Also hindshight bias contributes to vicitm balmne tendency (rape date) |
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| any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy |
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| frustration agression principle |
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| the principle that frustration- the blocking of an attempot to achieve some goal- creates anger, which can gernerate aggression |
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| a percieved incompatibility of actions goals or ideas |
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| a situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rarionally pursuing their self interest become caught in mutually destructive behavior |
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| the phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases the likin gof them |
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| an aroused state of intense positive absorption ion another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship |
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| the deep affectionate attachement we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined |
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| a condition in which peopl;e recieve from a relationship in proportion to what they give it |
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| revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others |
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unselfish regard for the welfare of others
(ex: helping in natural disaster, giving blood, no expectation of personal reward) |
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| the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to giv eaid of other bystanders are present (identified by Darley adn Latane) |
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| the theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benifits and minimize costs |
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| an expectiation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them |
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| social responsibility norm |
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| an expectation that people will help those dependent upon them |
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| shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation |
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Graduated and Reciprocated initiatives in Tension-Reduction- a strategy designed to decrease international tensions
(one side announces recognition of mutaul interests and its intent ot reduce tensions with concilitory act) |
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