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| Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) |
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Definition
| a projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interest through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes. |
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| overestimating others' noticing and evaluating our appearance performance, and blunders (as if we presume a spotlight shines on us). |
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| this psychologist introuduced a concept of an individual that emphasizes how our aspirations motivate us through specific goals. |
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| psychologist who attributes differences in chlidnre's shyness and inhabition to autonomic nervous system reactivity. |
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| our sense of controlling our environment rather than feeling helpless. |
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| the largely conscious "executive" part of personality that according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, the superego, and reality; operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id's desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure, rather than pain. |
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| according to Freud, a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved. |
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| the final psychosexual stage in which adult sexual feelings are formed, and persist until one dies. |
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| our natural, but sometimes unhealthy positive-thinking bias about future life events. |
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| psychosexual stage which lasts from ages 3 to 6; Oedipus/Electra Complex develops at this time. |
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| psychologist who believed anxiety triggers the need for love and security. |
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| our characteristic manner of explaining negative and positive events. |
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| one measure of a person's feelings of effectiveness. |
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| contains a resevoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives, operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immeadiate gratification. |
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| external locus of control |
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| the perception that chance or outside forces beyond ones personal control determine one's fate. |
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| thoughts within the brain's unconscious that can be retrieved at will into consciousness. |
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| neo-Freudian who believe that the unconscious contained more repressed feelings |
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| the theorists who established their own, modified versions of psychoanalytic theory. |
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| the hopeless and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events. |
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| psychoanalytic defense mechanism that shifts sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more accepatable or less threatening object or person, as when redirecting anger toward a safer outlet. |
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| tests developed by testing a large pool of items and selecting those taht differentiate particular individuals. |
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| Freud's theory of personality that attributes thoughts to unconscious motives and conflicts; the technique used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions. |
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| a cluster of five factors that seem to describe the major features of personality: conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism, openess, extraversion. |
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| proposes that faith in one's worldview and the pursuit of self-esteem provide protection against a deeply rooted fear of death. |
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| an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting. |
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| psychosexual stage that takes place during the first 18 months when the id's energies are focused on the mouth. |
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| personality profile test that includes basic personality dimension categories, such as extraversion-introversion, stability-instability, etc. |
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| accoding to Freud, a child's sexual desire toward the parent of the opposite sex and jealousy and hatred for the parent of the same sex. |
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| the scientific study of optimal human functioning' aims to discover and promote strengths and cirtues that enable individuals and communities to thrive; developed by Martin Seligman. |
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| psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which the ego unconsciously switches unacceptable impulses into their opposites; thus, people may express feelings that are opposite of their anxiety-arouding unconscious feelings. |
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| Carl Jung's concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species history. |
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| psychosexual stage from about age 6 to 12 in which sexual feelings are repressed. |
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| psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which people disguise their own threatening impulses by attributing them to others. |
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| internal locus of control |
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| the perception that one controls one's own fate. |
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| social-cognitive perspective |
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| views beahvior as influenced by the interaction between persons (and their thinking) and their social context. |
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| when people are faced with a threatening world, they act to enchance their esteem and may adhere more strongly to their own worldview. |
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| psychoanalytic defense mechanism in which an individual faced with anxiety retreats to a more infantile psychosexual stage, where some psychic energy remains fixated. |
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| the interacting influences between personality and environmental factors. |
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| nonconscious, sophisticated learning. |
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| according to Freud, a resevoir of mostly unaccpetable thoughtsd, wishes, feelings, and memories; according to contemporary psychologists, information processing of which we are unaware. |
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| the childhood stages of development (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital) during which, according to Freud, the id's pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones. |
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| reducing the number of traits to a few basic ones. |
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| in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing. |
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| the most idely used projective test, a set of 10 inkblots, designed by Hermann Rorschach; seeks to identify people's inner feelings by analyzuing their interpretations of the blots. |
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| in psychoanalytic theory, the ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality. |
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| the process by which, according to Freud, children incorporate their parents' values into their superegos. |
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| in psychoanalysic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness. |
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| a questionaire on which people respond to items and behaviors; used to asses selected personality traits. |
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| the part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideas and provides standards for judgemtn (the conscience) and for future aspirations. |
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| defense mechanism that offers self-justifying explanations in polce of the real, more threatening, unconscious reasons for one's actions. |
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| according to Maslow, the ultimate psychological need that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achievedl; the motivation to fullfill one's potential. |
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| all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question "Who am I?" |
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| unconditional positive regard |
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| according to Rogers, an attitude of total acceptance toward another person. |
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| psychologist who came up with the social-cognitive theory that focuses on how the individual and the environment interact. |
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| a characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act, as assessed by self-report inventions and peer reports. |
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| our ability to recall information if we relate it to out own person or life. |
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| the tendency of people to judge themselves favorably. |
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| two psychologists who found that people with unrealistically high self-esteem were most likely to become aggressive to criticism, yet found that people function best with modest, self-enhancing illusions. |
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| Minnesta Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) |
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Definition
| the most widely researched and clinically used o all personality tests; originally developed to idenitify emotional disorders (still considered its most appropriate use); this test is now used for many other screening purposes. |
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| appraoch to psycholgoy that focuses on people's capacities for growth and self-fullfillment. |
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| one's feelings of self-worth |
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| person-situation controversey |
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| the issue of whether or not inner disposition or external environment is more influential on personality. |
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| a personality test, such as the Rorschach or TAT, that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one's inner dynamics. |
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| Myers-Briggs type indicator |
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| test that classifies people according to Carl Jung's personality types; although recently criticized for its lack of predictive value, this test has widely been used in business and career counseling. |
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| psychosexual stage which lasts from about 18 months to 36 months. |
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| Hazel Markus's self-concept that emphasizes how out aspirations motivate us through specific goals. |
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| neo-Freudian psychological who believed childhood social tensions are crucial for personality. |
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