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| a meaure of memory in which the person must retireve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test. |
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| the disruptive effect or prior learning on the recall of new information. |
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| in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness, anxiety-arouding thoughts, feelings, and memories. |
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| the encoding of picture images. |
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| the rentention of encoded information over time. |
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| the structure that is most important to the encoding and storage of implicit memories. |
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| a neural center that is located in the limbic system and helps process explicity memory for storage. |
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| attributing to the wrong source of an even, we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined; along with the misinformation effect, it is at the heart of many false memories. |
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| additional repitition of learned information that helps boost its long-term storage. |
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| the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system which includes knowledge, skills, and experiences. |
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| the encoding of meaning, including the meaning of words. |
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| rentention independent of conscious recollection. |
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| our tendency to recall the high points of pleasurable events. |
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| our excellent recall of information that relates to ourselves. |
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| when people go around in a circle saying their names in a attempt to memorize them, the name of the person before us is usually the hardest to recall. |
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| a method of chunking that involves forming words from the first letters of to-be-remembered words. |
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| memory aids, especially those that use vivid imagery and organizational devices. |
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| the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information. |
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| form of chunking that involves dividing broad concepts into lesser concepts, categories, and facts. |
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| the neurotransmitter that is most insturmental in boosing long-term storage by making synapses more efficient. |
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| type of forgetting that occurs when stored memory cannot be found. |
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| a memory measure that assesses the amont of time saved when learning material for the second time. |
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| the encoding of sounds, especially the sounds of words. |
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| mental pictures; a powerful aid to effortful processesing, especially when combines with semantic encoding. |
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| unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information such as word meanings. |
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| our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list. |
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| the finding that people do not reliably recall happenings of any sort from their first 3 years. |
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| the conscious repitition of information, either to maintain it in consciousness or to encode it for storage. |
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| incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event. |
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| mnemonic device that involves forming associations between a familiar series of locations and to-be-remembered words. |
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| the processing of information into the memory system--for example, by extracting meaning. |
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| the activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory. |
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| mnemonic device of memorizing a jingle associated with to-be-remembered words. |
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Definition
| the process of getting information out of memory storage. |
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| the creation of false memories when induces to imagine it (misinformation effect); can lead to imagination inflation. |
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Definition
| a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sound and words can still be recalled within 3 to 4 seconds. |
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| a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event. |
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| the persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrievel of information. |
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| type of forgetting that occurs soon after material is learned. |
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| type of forgetting that occurs because some of the new information that we sensed never actually entered long-term memory. |
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| a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photograohuc or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second. |
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| the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice. |
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| the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood. |
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| that eerie sense that "I've experienced this before;" cues from the current situation may subconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience. |
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| long-term potentiation (LTP) |
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Definition
| an increase in a synapse's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation, believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory. |
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Definition
| the disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information. |
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Definition
| a meaure of memory in which the person need only indentify previously learned information, as on a multiple-choice test. |
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| memory of facts and experiences that one can conscioulsy know and "declare." |
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| activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the seven digits of a phone while dailing, before the information is stored or forgotten. |
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| encoding that requires attention and conscious effort. |
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| a newer understanding of short-term memory that invovles conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory. |
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Definition
| organizing items into familiar, managable units; often occurs automatically. |
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