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| Scientist who studied over 100 idential twins raised in different families in order to determine the relative contributions of genetics and the environment for hundreds of traits |
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| Researchers who won the Nobel Prize for discovering that the visual cortex had groups of neurons called "feature detectors" that responded to certain types of visual images |
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| Researcher who used the visual cliff experiment to show that by the time infants crawl, they can already perceive depth |
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| The law that states that the just noticeable difference is proportional to the intensity of the original stimulus |
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| Psychologies who proposed the dissociative theory of hypnosis, describing the "hidden observer" phenomenon as a hypnotized person will follow an extremely painful procedure without complaint, but will report pain if asked |
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| John Watson and Rosalie Rayner |
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| Behavioral psychologists who validated the existence of aversive conditioning by experimenting on a young boy known to the scientific community as "Albert" and a fluffy white rat, whose appearance was always followed by a loud noise, leading "Albert" to promptly cry |
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Psychologists who showed that certain conditioned stimuli are more likely to be associated with their respective unconditioned stimuli (while "cross-conditioning" does not occur well)
In particular, they demonstrated that noise associated well with shock and sweet water with nausea, but "cross-conditioning" was relatively ineffective |
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| An infant's reflex when the foot is stroked: the toes immediately fan out in response to stroking |
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Psychologist who first formulated the "law of effect": if a behavior's consequences are pleasant, the stimulus-response association is strenthened and the likelihood of the behavior is increased
He called this "instrumental learning" |
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Psychologist who coined the term "operant conditioning" to replace Thorndike's "instrumental learning"
Used a specialized box, named after him, in order to provide a reinforcer to a behavior in a controlled environment |
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| The principle in behavioral psychology that states that a person can be reinforced to perform an undesirable activity by making his/her participation in a more desirable activity conditional upon his/her completion of the less desirable activity |
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Psychologist who
1) Used the aggression and Bobo doll experiment to demonstrate observational learning (particularly in the context of aggressive behavior)
2) Suggested that personality is created by a "triadic reciprocality": i.e. the interaction between the person's traits, environment, and his behavior |
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Psychologist who demonstrated the phenomena of latent learning and a cognitive map, or mental representation, by experimenting with three groups of mice running through a maze on a series of trials:
1) Continuous reinforcement schedule
2) No reinforcement
3) First half: no reinforcement, second half: continuous reinforcement |
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| Psychologist who theorized about the existence of "insight learning" after observing chimpanzees who failed at solving a problem until they finally, and suddenly, came across the solution with an "insight" |
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| Psychologists who identified the existence of three types of intelligence: practical, academic, and creative |
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| Psychologist who demonstrated that for a very short period of time, images can be retained in sensory memory (iconic memory), even if the image is flashed for a split second |
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| Researcher who studied eiditic (photographic) memory in a patient who could repeat a list of 70 letters and digit forwards and backwards even 15 years later. |
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| Researcher who demonstrated that using hypnosis or leading questions to reveal "repressed memories" can actually bring out false and unintentionally fabricated memories |
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| Proponent of the nativist theory of language acquisition who vied for the existence of an internal "language acquisition devise" that enables us to learn language quickly as children. Beyond this "critical window," language development is severely retarded. He also believed that language is built upon building blocks/structures. |
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| Psychologist who proposed the linguistic relativity hypothesis, i.e. that our language and labels affect how we think about people, objects, or ideas |
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| William Masters and Virginia Johnson |
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Definition
Researchers who documented the four stages of the sexual response cycle:
1) arousal
2) plateau
3) orgasm
4) resolution |
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Definition
| Judging a situation based on examples of similar situations that come to mind initially |
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| Representativeness Heuristic |
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Definition
| Judging a situation based on a perconceived prototype |
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| Theory that we feel emotion because of biological/physiological changes caused by stress |
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| Theory that physiological changes and emotion occur simultaneously because of coordination by the thalamus |
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| Schachter's Two Factor Theory |
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Definition
| Theory that both our physical responses and cognitive labels combine to cause any particular emotional response |
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Term
| Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS) |
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Definition
| Rating scale that represents the amount of stress being experience and indicates an individuals vulnerability to developing a stress-related medical condition |
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Definition
| Measures the amount of stress due to life changes on the social readjustment rating scale (SRRS) |
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| Hans Seyle's General Adaptation Syndrome |
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Definition
Our stress adaptation response is:
1) Alarm - Sympathetic stimulation
2) Resistance - Maintenence of a "ready" state
3) Exhaustion - Reversal by parasympathetic system, more prone to disease/infection |
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Term
| Thomas Holmes and Richard Rahe |
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Definition
| Researchers who designed the social readjustment rating scale (SRRS) to measure stress levels |
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Definition
| Infant's reflex to touching her cheek: she turns towards the touch to seek food source |
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Definition
| Infant's reflex to suck on anything placed in the mouth |
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Definition
| Baby's reflex to tightly grasp onto anything placed in its hand |
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| Infant's reflex to stretch out arms and subsequently unstrech them (may have evolved to hold onto mother) in response to being startled |
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Psychoanalyst who proposed the psychosocial stage theory of lifelong social development, identifying 8 distinct stages
1) Trust vs. Mistrust
2) Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt
3) Initiative vs. Guilt
4) Industry vs. Inferiority
5) Identity vs. Role Confusion
6) Intimacy vs. Isolation
7) Generativity vs. Stagnation
8) Integrity vs. Despair |
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| Psychologist who demonstrated that physical confort is critical to the maternal-infant relationship by experimenting on infant chimps and makeshift mothers (one of which was wiry and the other of which was soft and plush) |
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Psychologist who identified three broad categories of attachment of infants to their parents:
1) Secure attachments
2) Avoidant attachments
3) Anxious/ambivalent attachments |
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Definition
| Psychologist who developed the theory of "womb envy" to counter Freud's theory of "penis envy" |
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| Feminist who attacked Freud's insulting conclusions about women by asserting that Freud based his theory off of personal prejudices rather than empirical observations |
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| Psychodynamic theorist who proposed the existence of the personal and collective unconsciouses and coined the term "complex" for an individual's repressed thoughts |
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| A psychodynamic theorist who downplayed the importance of the unconscious and emphasized the role of the ego. He claimed that we are motivated by the fear of failure (inferiority) and by the desire to achieve (superiority) |
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| The approach to personality characterization that posits that the same basic set of traits (identified using statistical factor analysis) can describe all people |
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| Psychologist who believed that one could describe all people's personalities by rating them on an introversion-extraversion scale |
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| Psychologist who developed the 16 personality factor (PF) test to measure what he believed were the 16 basic traits present in all people (in some degree) |
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| He developed a theory of contingency to say that the reason that a conditioned stimulus and unconditioned response become associated to produce a conditioned response is due to the subjects expectation |
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| The approach to personality that argues that it is impossible to use the same set of terms to classify all people |
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| Psychologist believed that one could only be fully characterized by looking at his/her personal traits. He proposed the existence of cardinal, central, and secondary dispositions |
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| Philosopher who first posited that psychological illnesses were due to biological factors, and therefore could be treated |
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| Psychologist who theorized that each of three body types - endomorphs (fat), mesomorphs (muscular), and ectomorphs (thin) - was associated with a certain set of personality traits |
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| Albert Bandura's social-cognitive theory of personality that posits that a person's traits, environment, and behavior interacted to produce one's personality |
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| Psychologist who proposed the personal-construct theory of personality that argues that in order to understand the world, individuals develop their own personal constructs. These constructs determine one's behavior |
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| Psychologist who proposed the concept of "locus of control." A person with an internal locus of control feels as if they are responsible for what happens to them. People with an external locus of control feels as though external factors are responsible for an outcome. |
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Humanistic psychologist who proposed a hierarchy of needs:
1. Physiological needs
2. Security needs
3. Affliation needs
4. Esteem needs
5. Self-actualization needs |
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| Humanistic psychologist who pioneered humanistic therapy. He emphasized the need for a nondirective approach and unconditional positive regard for the client. He merely provides a supportive environment in which the client can piece together a solution on his/her own. |
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| Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) |
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Definition
| The most widely used self-report method of self-report personality assessment |
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Definition
| This effect states that because people tend to define themselves using stock, vague descriptors, they can identify with any given description and claim that accurately reflects them if the description is vague enough |
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Definition
| Randomly dividing a test into two different sections and then correlating people's performances on the two halves |
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| Equivalent-Form Reliability |
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Definition
| Writing up two equivalent forms and then correlating people's performances on the forms |
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| Correlating people's performances on the same test taken at different times |
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| Superficial measure of validity (a subset of content validity) |
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Definition
| A measure of how well a test reflects the entire range of material it is supposed to be testing |
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Term
| Criterion-Related Validity |
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Definition
| A test's ability to identify individuals with certain attributes (whether achievement or aptitude) |
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| A type of criterion-related validity that measures how a much of a characteristic a person has now |
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| A type of criterion-related validity that is a measure of future performance |
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| Thought to be the most meaningful type of validity; involves correlating the results of one test to an existing, validated gold-standard that has already been established for the particular characteristic that is being tested |
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| A psychologist who argued that all intelligence refers to a single "g" factor (based on factor analysis) |
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| Psychologist who stated that intelligence is compromised of seven main cognitive abilities |
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| Psychologist who posited that intelligence is composed of over 100 different mental abilities |
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| Researcher who subscribed to the idea of muliple intelligences that encompass a much wider range of intelligence: lingustic, logical-mathematical, spatial, musical, bodily-kinesthetic, intrapersonal, interpersonal, and naturalist |
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| Psychologist who posited the existence of emotional intelligence, or EQ, that corresponds roughly to Gardener's notion of interpersonal and intrapersonal intelligence. It is contended that people who have high IQ, but low EQ, struggle to succeed |
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| Researcher who proposed that a triarchic theory of intelligence, composed of analytic intelligence, creative intelligence, and practical intelligence, is the most accurate indicator of success. This component of practical intelligence raises the importance of context in measuring intelligence. |
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| A test designed by Alfred Binet and implemented by Louis Terman in order to determine an individual's IQ. It was originally aimed towards children |
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| Weschler's Intelligence Scale |
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Definition
| Devised by David Weschler, this scale has been adapted to the adult, child/teenager, and preschool populations |
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| The phenomenon that posits that the human race, as a whole, has been becoming more intelligent with time (most probably due to accelerating technologies) |
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A guidebook to diagnosing psychological disorders that does so on 5 axes:
1) Clinical
2) Personality/Developmental
3)Medical
4)Psychosocial
5) Global assessment of functioning |
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| Psychologist who proposed and implemented the cognitive triad, which posits that people who are depressed have negative attitudes about themselves, their world, and their future |
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| Researcher who proposed that learned helplessness, in which a person erroneously, but strongly, believes that there is nothing he/she can do to change the situation, plays a significant role in mood disorders |
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| Psychologist who conducted a study in which confederates infiltrated a hospital under a label of disorder and acted like their normal selves, but still were not detected as frauds. His work underscores the importance of avoiding labels |
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| Phillipe Pinel (France) and Dorothea Dix (U.S.) |
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Definition
| Reformers who pushed for a more compassionate and humane way of treating and institutionalizing those who had a mental disorder |
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Term
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Definition
| Solving societal stress-source problems (like unemployment) to reduce the incidence of mental disorders |
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Definition
| Working directly with at-risk individuals to prevent the occurence of mental disorders |
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| Keeping mental illnesses in check to improve quality of life for patients |
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| Psychologist who pioneered Gestalt therapy, which concentrates on the application of understanding the whole in order to resolve psychological issues |
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| Psychologist who implemented rational emotive-behavior therapy (REBT) in order to breakdown faulty cognitive patterns in his clients |
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| Psychologist who followed an Asian couple in the 1930's to demonstrate that despite publicized claims that restaurants and hotels would not serve Asian patrons, this threatening never came to actual fruition. This illustrates the idea of "cognitive dissonance" |
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| Researchers who demonstrated that people whose behavior and thoughts are at conflict will often change their attitudes to fit their behavior. Their study involved paying people $1 or $20 to do a boring task and lie to a confederate about how fun the task was. Despite the predictions of behavioral theory, the people who were paid $1 demonstrated more positive thoughts because, unlike the people paid $20 who had more a reason to lie, they were experiencing mroe severe cognitive dissonance and, thus, had to change their attitudes to sidestep internal conflict |
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Definition
| A theory of depression that involves the classification of attribution as internal/external, global/specific, and stable/unstable. Those that have depression tend to have internal, global, and stable attribution patterns |
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Definition
| The social expectation that people will respond to each other in kind—returning benefits for benefits, and responding with either indifference or hostility to harms |
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| Psychologist who claimed that people make attributions by considering consistency (how does the person act in the same situation), distinctiveness (how is this situation similar to other situations), and consensus (how do others in the same situation respond?) |
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Definition
| Researchers who showed in the classroom that students who are initially viewed as superior/intelligent will be treated in such a way that these students actually do become superior/intelligent (self-fulfilling prophecy) |
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Definition
| We overestimate the number of people who share our beliefs |
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Definition
| A tendency to take more credit for good outcomes than bad ones |
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Definition
| The belief that misfortunes befall those that deserve them |
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Definition
| The tendency to consider any social outsider to be the same as any other |
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Definition
| A preference people show for individuals of their own social group |
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Definition
| The idea that the more two groups interact, the more likely that social barriers and prejudices will break down |
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Term
| Sherif's Robbers Cave Study |
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Definition
| A study in which two groups of students in a summer camp were turned against each other until the hostility was reversed by the introduction of a superordinate goal |
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Definition
| Drugs used to treat schizophrenia by blocking the receptor sites for dopamine in the CNS |
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Term
| Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis |
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Definition
| The hypothesis that being frustrated increases the likelihood of committing acts of aggression |
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Term
| John Darley and Bibb Latane |
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Definition
| Researchers who demonstrated the existence of the bystander effect (diffusion of responsibility - assuming someone else will take action - and pluralistic ignorance - assuming that the proper action to take is what other individuals are taking) by studying the murder case of Kitty Genovese |
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Definition
| Psychologists postulate that people who are similar, close in proximity, and engage in reciprocal liking are more likely to become friends or romantic partners |
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| Psychologist who determined that people are likely to conform if people in a group unanimously give an incorrect answer, despite knowning that their initial answer was correct |
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| Psychologist who designed a role-playing prisoner experiment to demonstrate the the process of "deindividuization" can result in behaviors that would normally not occur because of a loss in responsibility for actions |
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Definition
| Psychologist who argued that context plays a large role in personality and motivation and that human needs can be broken down into 20 types (including need for achievement, power, and affiliation) |
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| Developmental psychologist who proposed that absorption of knowledge from one's social context, not biological maturation, is critical to development. He theorized the existence of a zone of proximal development between one's actual development level and potential development level |
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Definition
| Psychologist who described how people come to terms with death - denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance |
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Definition
| Psychologist who proposed that the development of caring relationships is central to moral development in response to Kohlberg's theory, which revolves around a sense of justice |
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Definition
| Psychologist who posited that there were three stages of moral development - preconventional (selfish), conventional (rule-oriented), and conventional (based on an inner standard or framework of evaluation) - which revolve around an evolving perspective of justice |
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Definition
| Psychologist who noticed that traits depend on situation and context and are not immutable |
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Definition
| Psychologist who documented 'groupthink,' a phenomenon in which the desire to reach a unanimous decision is so pronounced that decisions are no longer evaluated and are taken blindly by the group |
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Definition
| Someone in group experiencing groupthink who takes responsibility for criticizing and ridiculing dissenters |
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Definition
| Process by which people evaluate their effor based on rewards |
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Definition
| The study of the interactions between humans and machines in order to increase safety and efficacy of machine use |
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Term
| Central Route of Persuasion |
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Definition
| The use of facts to persuade |
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Definition
| The process of removing a sense of being from a victim of violence |
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| Perception that occurs at the sensory memory level |
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| The tendency to see correlations that don't exist |
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