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| An emotionally charged, confiding interaction between a trained therapist and someone who suffers from psychological difficulties |
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| Prescribed medications or medical procedures that act directly on the patient’s nervous system |
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| An approach to psychotherapy that, depending on the client’s problems, uses techniques from various forms of therapy |
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| Sigmund Freud’s therapeutic technique. Freud believed the patient’s free associations, resistances, dreams, and transferences – and the therapist’s interpretations of them – released previously repressed feelings, allowing the patient to gain self-insight |
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| In psychoanalysis, the blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material |
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| In psychoanalysis, the analyst’s noting supposed dream meaning, resistances, and other significant behavior and events in order to promote insight |
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| A humanistic therapy, developed by Carl Rogers, in which the therapist used techniques such as active listening within a genuine, accepting, empathic environment to facilitate clients’ growth. |
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| Empathic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and clarifies. A feature of Rogers’ client-centered therapy. |
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| Therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors |
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| A behavior therapy procedure that conditions new responses to stimuli that trigger unwanted behaviors; based on classical conditioning. Includes exposure therapy and aversive conditioning |
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| Behavioral techniques, such as systematic desensitization, that treats anxieties by exposing people (in imagination or actuality) to the things they fear and avoid. |
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| Systematic desensitization |
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| A type of counterconditioning that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli. Commonly used to treat phobias |
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| Virtual reality exposure therapy |
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| An anxiety treatment that progressively exposes people to simulations of their greatest fears, such as airplane flying, spiders, or public speaking |
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| A type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state (such as nausea) with an unwanted behavior (such as drinking alcohol) |
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| An operant conditioning procedure in which people earn a token of some sort for exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange the tokens for various privileges or treats. |
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| Therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways or thinking and acting; based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and emotional reactions |
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| Cognitive-behavior therapy |
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| A popular integrated therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing self-defeating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behavior) |
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| Therapy that treats the family as a system. Views and individuals unwanted behaviors as influenced by or directed at other family members; attempts to guide family members toward positive relationships and improved communication. |
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| A procedure for statistically combining the results of many different research studies |
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| The study of the effects of drugs on mind and behavior |
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| Involuntary movements of the facial muscles, tongue, and limbs; a possible neurotoxic side effect of long-term use of antipsychotic drugs that target D2 dopamine receptors |
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| Electroconvulsive therapy |
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| A biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient |
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| Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) |
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| The application of repeated pulses of magnetic energy to the brain; used to stimulate or suppress brain activity |
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| Surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in an effort to change behavior |
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| A now-rare psychosurgical procedure once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients. The procedure cut the nerves that connect the frontal lobes to the emotion-controlling centers of the inner brain. |
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