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The rights of people to be treated without reasonable or unconstitutional differences.
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Classifications of people on the basis of their race or ethnicity.
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A Supreme Court test to see if a law denies equal protection because it does not serve a compelling state interest and is not narrowly tailored to achieve that goal.
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| Separate-but-Equal Doctrine |
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The doctorine established in Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) that African Americans could constitutionally be kept in separate but equal facilities.
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Racial segregation that is required by law.
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Racial segregation that occurs in schools, not as a result of the law, but as a result of patterns of residential settlement.
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Term
| Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) |
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Upheld separate-but-equal facilities for a white and black people railroad.
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Term
| Brown v Board of Education (1954) |
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Said that separate public schools are inherently unequal, thus starting racial desegregation.
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Term
| Green v. Country School Board of New Kent County (1968) |
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Definition
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Banned a freedom-of-choice plan for integrating schools, suggesting that blacks and whites must actually attend racially mixed schools.
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| Swann v. Charlotte-Mechlenburg Board of Education (1971) |
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Definition
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Approved busing and redrawing district lines as ways of integrating public schools.
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Opposing a law one considers unjust by peacefully disobeying it and accepting the resultant punishment.
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Gender discrimination violates the equal protection clause of the Constitution.
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Gender discrimination can only be justified if it serves "important governmental objectives" and be "substantially related to those objectives."
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Term
| Rostker v. Goldberg (1981) |
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Definition
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Congress can draft men without drafting women.
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Term
| United States v. Virginia (1996) |
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Definition
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State may not finance an all-male military school.
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State power to effect laws promoting health, safety, and morals.
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Term
| Griswold v. Connecticut (1965) |
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Definition
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Found a "right to privacy" in the Constitution that would ban any state law against selling contraceptives.
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Definition
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State laws against abortion were unconstitutional.
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Term
| Webster v. Reproductive Health Services (1989) |
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Definition
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Allowed states to ban abortions from public hospitals and permitted doctors to test to see if fetuses were viable.
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Term
| Planned Parenthood v. Casey (1992) |
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Definition
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Reaffirmed Roe v. Wade but upheld certain limits on its use.
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Term
| Stenberg v. Carhart (2000) |
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Definition
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States may not ban partial birth abortions if they fail to allow an exception to protect the health of the mother.
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programs designed to increase minority participation in some institution (business, schools, labor unions, or governmental agencies) by taking positive steps to appoint more minority-group members.
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Making certain that people achieve the same result.
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Using race or sex to give preferential treatment to some people.
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Giving people an equal chance to succeed.
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Term
| United Steelworkers v. Weber (1979) |
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Definition
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Despite the ban on racial classifications in the 1964 Civil Rights Act, this case upheld the use of race in an employment agreement between the steelworkers union and steel plant.
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Term
| Regents of the University of California v. Bakke (1978) |
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Definition
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In a confused set of rival opinions, the decisive vote was cast by Justice Powell, who said that a quotalike ban on Bakke's admission was unconstatutional but that "diversity" was a legitimate goal that could be pursued by taking race into account.
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Term
| Richmond v. Croson (1989) |
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Definition
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Affirmative action plans must be judged by the strict scrutiny standard that requires any race-conscious plan to be narrowly tailored to serve a compelling interest.
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Term
| Gutter v. Bollinger and Gratz v. Bollinger (2003) |
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Definition
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Numerical benefits cannot be used to admit minorities into a college, but race can be a "plus factor" in making those decisions.
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State law may not ban sexual relations between same-sex partners.
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Term
| Boy Scouts of America v. Dale (2000) |
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Definition
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A private organization may ban gays from its membership.
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