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Definition
| Who fought against each other in the Hundred Years' War? |
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| The development of which cohesive kingdom as a result of the Hundred Years' War changed the balance of power in Europe? |
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Avignon and Rome
The Great Schism |
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Definition
After the Hundred Years' War the papacy was split between what two cities?
What was this called? |
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| A person who fights for money |
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| What were muslims on the Iberian Peninusla called? |
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| What is the term for putting writings in the common language for people to understand? |
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| What was the name of the movement that sought to emulate the Greco-Roman ancients after 1400? |
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| In late medieval Europe what two things helped determine a woman's rghts? |
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| What institution was condemned by the church but widely tolerated in many cities during medieval times? |
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| What was the official written language used by the Roman Catholic Church from medieval to modern times is? |
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| The Church Council in Constance |
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Definition
| In 1417 the Great Schism ended with the election of Pope Martin V at? |
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Term
| The Sacraments of the Church |
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Definition
| Roman Catholic parish priests interfaced with the common people through what rituals? |
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| In the 1400s the Italian kingdoms were threatened on several occassions with invasion fro the east by whom? |
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| Nonordained members in a congregation are called what? |
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| What two regions unified in the 1400s that led to the unificaion of Spain? |
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| Who was the early Christian humanist who translated the Greek New Testament into Latin? |
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| new ideas about artistic genius, scholarly investigation of ancient texts, new found perspectives in human life |
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Definition
| What characteristics did the Renaissance embody? |
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| The fall of Constantinople to the Turks |
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Definition
| What event gave the impetus to the revival of Greek texts dueing the fifteenth century? |
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| Portrayed the individual as an important subject |
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Definition
| How did Renaissance art depart from previous medieval styles? (hint: in its portrayal of the in individual) |
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| Dynamic urban states that dominated their regions |
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Definition
| What political structure best describes Italy in the mid-fourteenth century? |
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| What is the name for the commercial association of northern European cities to control trade and commerce in fourteenth century? |
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| What type of goods were exported from Venice to northern Europe during the fourteenth century? |
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| Where was the technology for moveable type developed? |
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| What was communications revolution of the sixteenth century due to? |
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| What artists represented the peak of achievement during the Italian Renaissance? |
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| What is a skilled producer of manually crafted goods called? |
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| More urban areas were devoted to commerce |
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Definition
| How did fifteenth-century Italy differ economically from other parts of Europe? |
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| The nobility (and sometimes the church) |
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Definition
| Who did the well-known Renaissance composers work for? |
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| Use of precise detail in their paintings (think of "Where's Waldo") |
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Definition
| How did artists of the northern Renaissance differ from their Italian counterparts? |
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| Which dynasty dominated the Holy Roman Empire in Europe by the mid-fifteenth century? |
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| Which city was the most stable and lasting democcratic government in early modern Europe? |
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| What was the dynasty that emerged victorious after the War of the Roses in England? |
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| What was the name of the papal decree in 1494 that split the explored world between the Portugese and the Spanish? |
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Definition
| What was the name for military adventurers exploring for the crown? |
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| Enrich the royal treasury and convert the natives to Christianity |
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Definition
| What were the two primary goals of Spanish exploration of the New World? |
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Term
| Silver and gold brought from the New World created inflationary pressures |
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Definition
| In what way did the Spanish exploration in the new world affect European economics? |
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Term
| European demand for sugar |
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Definition
| What was the major reason for the colonization of Brazil by Portugal? |
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Term
| To raise money, especially to fund expensive building projects such as Saint Peter's in Rome |
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Definition
| Why did the Roman Catholic Church sell indulgences? |
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Definition
| About 1550 the globalization of the world economy under the Spanish began with what commodity? |
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Definition
| What is the term that began describing landed peasantry? |
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| Spain's initial claim to Asian territory was based on which explorer's travels? |
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| Which was the first kingdom to sponsor the successful circumnavigation of the globe? |
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Definition
| What is the theory of national wealth having to do with favorable trade balance called? |
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Term
| Appeal to the authority of the scriptures over antiquated church tradition |
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Definition
| In the 1500s what was the central focus of church reformers? |
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Term
| The Sacraments were reduced to two and priests were allowed to marry |
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Definition
| What were changes made in the Protestant church after the Reformation? |
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Term
| Lutheranism was officially recognized by European rulers |
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Definition
| What was the central compromise in the Peace of Augsburg in 1555? |
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Term
| Political and he wanted the pope to grant a divorce |
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Definition
| What were the motives of King Henry VIII of England for separating frm the Roman Catholic Church in 1534? |
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Definition
| After 1534, in post-Reformation England, what two religious factions fought for power? |
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Definition
| Calvinists were transplanted into which parts of Europe? |
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Term
| An attempt to raise the moral level of the clergy |
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Definition
| What was a central feature of the Catholic Counter-Reformation? |
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Definition
| The search by the Christian church for heretics and nonbelievers in seventeenth-century Europe was called? |
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Definition
| Because of large scale warfare between the kingdoms of modern Europe what policy had to be increased? |
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"Reflections on the Revolution in France"
root of Modern conservatism
natural law was dangerous; tradition should assign authority; slow political change over the passage of time
Inspired the conservative reaction to the French Revoltion (Congress of Vienna) |
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Classical Economist: "Essay on Population"- population growth would eventually outstip the food supply
used as justification of paying low wages by factory owners because then people would be less likely to reproduce (actually made them reproduce more because they needed more sources of income) |
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Definition
| "Iron Law of Wages": factory owners must offer lower wages for competetive gain |
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| Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill |
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Definition
| "the greatest happiness for the greatest number"-- utilitarianism- advocates government involvement economically to help the working class (2 guys) |
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Definition
Early socialist writers with not plan of action, just ideas
1. Henri de Saint-Simon: wanted a united Europe run by the intellectuals of society that sought a better life for everyone, especially the lover class
2. Charles Fourier: wanted a cooperative community with rotating jobs to avoid monotony (like life in a factory)
3. Robert Owen: organized utopian societies and inspired Owenite communities elsewhere |
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Definition
Established the ruling of the Bourbon restoration (Louis XVIII)- gave some freedoms of revolutionary period but left most power to king
1. established freedom of religion by not popular sovereignty
2. confirmed the loss of church property- angered royalists
3. did establish a week bicameral legislature |
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| Monarch who's repressive measures led to the July Revolution |
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| The angry rebellion of the Parisian mob in response to the July Ordinances. In an effort to avoid a republic (whose notion was association with the chaos of the other revolutions) got rid of Charles X and crowned Louis Phillipe (a progressive liberal) |
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| An english poet and acitivist that strongly supported the Greek Revolution-- example of the liberal support for the revolution by intellectuals in great european countries |
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Definition
| Columbus sails to New World (San Salvador) - Spain defeats the Moors (date) |
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Definition
| defeat of Catholic Spanish Armada by Protestant England - secures England as Protestant nation, great victory for Queen Elizabeth I (date) |
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| Jamestown - Immigration to America (date) |
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Definition
| Charles I executed - ended English civil war (date) |
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Definition
| restored monarchy to England - Charles II crowned king (date) |
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| Glorious Revolution - return of William and Mary (date) |
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Definition
| England loses colonies (date) |
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| French revolution- Bastille captured by French rebels (date) |
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Definition
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Definition
| Battle of Waterloo - Napolean exiled for 2nd time (date) |
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Definition
| Widespread, mostly failed revolutions for more liberal gov'ts (date) |
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Definition
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| Russian Revolution (date) |
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| end of WWII; Cold War and atom age begin; UN created; death of FDR and Hitler (date) |
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Definition
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Definition
| Fall of Berlin Wall (date) |
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Definition
| Collapse of Soviet Union (date) |
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Definition
| September 11th attacks (date) |
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Definition
| changes in the traditional agricultural system during the 18th century that included enclosure, introduction of fodder crops, intensifies animal husbandry, and commercial market orientation; allowed Europe to escape traditional economy and support industrial revolution |
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Definition
| system of agricultural activity up to the 18th century in which fields were divided into strips of land that were owned and cultivated by a family; decisions were made by the community rather than individuals; limited the efficiency of farming |
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Definition
| an industry – primarily manufacturing – which includes many producers, working from their homes, typically part time. |
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Definition
| mobilization of the rural labor force for commercial production of large quantities of manufactured goods; raw materials put out to homes of workers where manufacture took place; another way of describing the late phase of cottage industry |
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Definition
| 18th century closing off of common and public land within the open field system to foster private landholding; faced a great deal of popular resistance, and the impact of the loss of common rights on the household economies of smallholders and landless laborers was great |
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Definition
| sustained period of economic growth and change brought on by technological innovations in the process of manufacturing; began in Great Britain in the mid-18th century; INNOVATIONS: water and coal machinery, steam engine, smelting of iron with coke (a form of carbon), spinning jenny, hundreds of adjustments in technique and shared ingenuity |
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Definition
| process by which production becomes mechanized; innovations in manufacturing methods and agricultural techniques |
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Definition
| inventor of the condensing steam engine in 1775 with the practical help of Matthew Boulton and John Wilkinson |
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Definition
| American inventor of the cotton gin |
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Definition
| Instigated by entrepeneur Robert Owen; prohibited factory work by children under nine, provided two hours of daily education - factory owners establish schools; and effectively created a 12-hour workday until the Ten Hours Act in 1847; factory workday for children between 9-13 to 8 hours a day. Not applicable to home.. Destroyed family unit. |
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Definition
| prohibited women and children from working underground |
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Definition
| established boards of health and the office of medical examiner |
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Term
| Crystal Palace Exhibition |
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Definition
| international exhibition held in London in 1851 in a specially built see-through exhibition hall featuring the greatest tech. advances of the day; served as a spur for further industrialization |
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Definition
| unified trading zone created by Prussia in which member states adopted the liberal Prussian custons regulations; an attempt to overcome the fragmented nature of the German economy |
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Definition
| author of "The Conditions of the Working Class in England", which stated that society’s problems are caused by capitalism and competition; Colleague of Karl Marx. |
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Definition
| meeting of European powers after the Napoleonic wars in 1815; established a balance of power to preserve the status quo in post-revolutionary Europe; key ambassadors included: Prince Klemens von Meternich (Austria), Viscount Castlereagh (Britain), Charles Maurice de Talleyrand (France), Russian tsar Alexander I, and king Frederick William III (Prussia) |
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Definition
| pact signed in 1815 by the four powers who defeated Napoleon - Great Britain, Austria, Russia, and Prussia - for the purpose of protecting Europe against future French aggression; in 1818, after Franch had payed war indemnities, it too joined the pact to become the Quintuple Alliance |
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Definition
| Prussia, Austria, and Russia, under the leadership of tsar Alexander I, agreed to protect the peace and the Christian religion following the Congress of Vienna |
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Definition
| an artistic and literary tradition based on emotions rather than the intellect; rejection of classical traditions in favor of "nature"; often associated with nationalism |
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Definition
| poetry collaboration of William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge the exemplified the iconoclastic romantic idea that poetry was the result of "the spontaneous overflow o powerful feelings" rather than a formal and highly discplined intellectual exercise |
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Definition
| b/w 1815 and 1850, the political doctrine that glorified the people united against the absolutism of kings and the tyranny of foreign oppressors; Basically: Pride in one's nation, group, or traditions; a desire for independence. |
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Definition
| British Conservative-extended vote to all middle class male workers, needed to broaden aristocratic voter base. |
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Term
| First Reform Bill of 1832 |
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Definition
| Modified the old political system by easing voting qualifications (but still not easy to qualify!). Abolished some smaller boroughs |
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Term
| Second Reform Bill of 1867 |
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Definition
| Conservatives and Liberals trying to gain votes. Disraeli's Conservatives extended the vote to almost 1 million more voters |
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Definition
| Political party in Britain controlled by aristocracy |
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Definition
| British party more responsive to commercial and manufacturing interests. |
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Term
| Alexander II - (r.1855-81) |
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Definition
| Emperor of Russia; advocated moderate reforms for Russia; emancipated the serfs; he was assassinated |
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Definition
| Refers to the compromise of 1867 which created the dual monarchy of Austria and Hungary |
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Term
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Definition
| Refers to Prussian tactics brought about by Otto von Bismarck; his unification of Germany was through a policy of "blood and iron". |
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Definition
| The federal council of Austrian government |
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Term
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Definition
| Endorsed the economic doctrines of the middle class. Worked for a secret alliance with Napoleon III against Austria. Worked to unite Italy |
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Term
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Definition
| hort tract written by marx and Engels that described the dire situation of the European working classes throughout the 1840s; the growing poberty and alienation of the propertyless workers, the authors promised, would bring to industrialized Europe a class war against the capitalists, the owners of the means of production. |
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Definition
| the slaughter by calvary of a crowd of 80,000 ppl gathered outside Manchester, England to hear speeches for parliamentary reform and universal male suffrage; name is a bitter reference to the Waterloo victory that occured 4 years earlier |
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Term
| "rotten" or "pocket" boroughs |
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Definition
| areas that recieve representation greater than that justified by their population and are indicative of the corrupt and antiquated electoral system |
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Term
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Definition
| an English working-class reform movement that flourished in the 1830s and 1840s and that demanded universal male suffrage, payment for parliamentary service, equal electoral districts, and secret ballots |
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Definition
| movement of workers demanding fair wages who smashed cotton power looms, knitting machines, and wool-carding machines or threatened to as a bargaining point for better conditions; tyrannized Britain and other European nations from 1811-1816; named after its mythical leader, Ned Ludd |
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Term
| Kaiser Friedrich Wilhelm IV (1840-186 |
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Definition
| Prussian ruler who used military force to responded to popular demonstrations, but eventually had to promise a national Prussian assembly and was held as a prisoner of revolution in 1848 |
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Term
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Definition
| disciple of Mazzini who returned from exile in South America to undertake the defense of Rome after the establishment of the Republic of Rome; created group of poorly armed guerrilla sodiers known as the Red Shirts who waged a valian effort to defend the city from April to June 1849, but eventually lost to the highly trained French army, who restored the Pope as ruler of the Papal States |
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Definition
| famous nurse who organized hospital care in Constantinople during the Crimean War; controversial at the time because she valued her work over family and home; first woman to receive the Order of Merit in England |
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Definition
| (1815-1898) Prussian chancellor who engineered the unification of Germany under his rule; practioner of Realpolitik |
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Term
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Definition
| US gave aide to Greece and Turkey to defeat communist forces there, pledge to aide all free peoples fighting communist aggression in domestic/foreign sources |
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Term
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Definition
| Massive aide package to help Europe recover from war & prevent communism from spreading into economically devasted regions, western and central europe recovered economically |
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Term
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Definition
| US pledged to prevent further spread of communism, created by George Kennan to respond against soviet aggression, led to domino theory |
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Term
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Definition
| Collective security organization against communism - European democracies + US & canada |
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Term
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Definition
| Collective security organization of eastern bloc nations to counter NATO, signed by USSR and eastern european countries under soviet influence |
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Term
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Definition
| New leader of USSR, denounced stalin, thwarted the hungarian revolution and improved USSR relations abroad. Deposed for backing down in the cuban missile crisis and failure to improve the economy |
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Definition
| Kennedy's failed plan to invade Cuba and topple revolutionary leader Castro, withdrew unexpectedly and led to consolidation of castro's power and pushed cuba into signing a treaty with the soviet union |
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Term
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Definition
| N. Khrushchev places nuclear missiles in Cuba, kennedy orders naval blockade and demands removal, N.K finally agrees to once blockade is ended, US removes missiles from Turkey. Leads to removal of Khrushchev from power. |
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Term
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Definition
| Belief that if the communists succeeded in vietnam, other countries in southeast and east asia would also fall to communism - justification for US vietnam intervention |
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Term
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Definition
| Created Brezhnev doctrine, enunciated soviet union had a right to intervene if socialism was threatened in another socialist state, used to justify use of soviet troops in Czechoslovakia |
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Definition
| Elected leader of czechoslovakia, ushered in period of liberalism and rebirth with the prague spring |
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Definition
| Brief period of liberalization in Czechoslovaki under Ducek, instituted reforms and revised the constitution, ended by the soviet union and the warsaw pact countries, deposed of dubcek and created a hardlin communist government - socialism with a human face |
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Term
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Definition
| Wartime leader of Free french, created the democratic 4th republic, aims to re-established France as a world power (independence of algeria, nuclear program) |
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Term
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Definition
| A social/political system in which the govt assumes the primary responsibility for the social welfare of its citizens by providing social security, unemployment benefits, and health care. |
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Term
| European Coal and Steel Community (EEC / Common Market) |
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Definition
| Special international organization to control and integrate coal/steel production, included the 6 in hopes of creating a single competitive market |
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Definition
| Term applied to western society after WW2 to reflect the new sexual freedom and the emergeence of a drug culture |
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Term
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Definition
| Energetic and spontaneous form of action painting that emerged in the mid 20th century dramatically large canvases and spontaneous expression of the unconscious (Pollock) |
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Term
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Definition
| Art form that took media images of popular culture and transformed them into works of art (Andy warhol) |
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Term
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Definition
| Sartre & Camus - emphasizes the uniqueness and isolation of the individual experience in a hostile or indifferent universe, regards human existance as unexplainable and stresses the freedom of choice and responsibility for the consequences of ones actions |
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Term
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Definition
| The earth is the center of the solar system; Ptolemaic conception of the universe |
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Term
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Definition
| Recorded astronomical data from the observatory he built in Denmark; theorized that the moon and sun orbited the earth and the remaining planets orbited the sun |
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Term
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Definition
| Philosopher; wrote Novum Organum; glorified inductive reasoning, which discovered the universe through observations and generalizations |
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Term
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Definition
| Famous mathematician; discovered calculus, a mathematical means of measuring rates of change |
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Definition
| Disliked by the church (papacy); both England and France established royal societies of learned scientists to meet together and discuss their discoveries; challenged idea that women were inferior to men; undermined literal interpretation of the Bible |
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Term
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Definition
| Principle of intertia (who came up with it?) |
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Term
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Definition
| Jewish philosopher; had a new idea about divinity of the material universe |
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Term
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Definition
| Idea of two entities: Physical and spiritual; I think, therefore I am; |
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Term
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Definition
| ntroduced idea of secular progress; belief that God is a cosmic clockmaker who created a perfect universe in which he does not intervene; |
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Term
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Definition
| Belief; emphasizes that human reason can uncover the mysteries and laws of the universe; dominant philosophy of the Scientific Revolution |
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Term
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Definition
| Discovered heliocentric system (sun-centered); looked down upon by religions |
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Term
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Definition
| Defended Aristotle's theory of earth being surrounded by numerous clear spheres |
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Term
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Definition
| Descartes' belief that all existance was divided into the spiritual and material |
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Term
| Famous mathematician; developed science of probability |
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Definition
| Famous mathematician; developed science of probability. |
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Term
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Definition
| One of Newton's greatest accomplishments; forces of attraction and repulsion exist between objects |
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Term
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Definition
| Descartes' way of understanding the universe; states that a conclusion can be deduced by a set of premises and not observation |
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Term
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Definition
| Bacon; Discovered the universe through observations and generalizations |
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Term
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Definition
| Inertia; perfected the spy glass and studied the cosmos; concluded that the sun rotated by observing sunspots (who is it?) |
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Term
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Definition
| Caused end of unity in Western Christianity, Protestant reformation, religious wars, and better lay education; Avignon papacy and struggle between Pope Boniface XVIII and Phillip IV, the french king |
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Term
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Definition
| Promoted indulgences; famous phrase: when the coin in the coffer rings, the soul from Purgatory springs |
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Term
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Definition
| Caused by Charles V trying to restore Catholicism to the HRE |
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Term
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Definition
| Protestant reformer for Switzerland |
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Term
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Definition
| Imperial Council that ordered Martin Luther to recant and condemned him when he refused |
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Term
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Definition
| nsisted strict observance of moral laws because moral behavior was a sign that the person was of the elect; predestination; theocracy; permitted only members of the Church to hold public office |
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Term
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Definition
| Reaffirmed the traditional doctrines of the Catholic Church |
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Term
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Definition
| Made England's break with the Roman church official; required all officials, clergy, and candidates for university degrees to take an oath acknowledging the queen as "governor" of church; Queen Elizabeth's reign |
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Term
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Definition
| Religious order; tool of the papacy against the spread of Protestantism in Europe |
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Term
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Definition
| Ended any wars of religion in early Europe and tried to restore international stability and diplomatic process in Europe; eliminated religious division as a cause of conflict; weakened the Holy Roman Empire |
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Term
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Definition
| Believed in salvation by faith alone and the scripture was the only source of creed |
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Term
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Definition
| believed in putting the state over the church |
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Term
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Definition
| Issued the Edict of Nantes and tried to restore stability back to France |
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Term
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Definition
| "Defender of faith;" founded the Anglican church |
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Term
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Definition
| Wanted to make France the strongest country in Europe and decreased power of Huguenots and nobles; state is above everything, even religion |
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Term
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Definition
| Catholicism was recognized as the official religion of France but limited was extended to Calvinists; Henry IV; ended civil war by guaranteeing religious freedom for the Huguenots |
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Term
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Definition
| Henry IV's quote about his own religious beliefs and his conversion to Catholicism |
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Term
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Definition
| Swedish general that lead a Protestant coalition against Catholic Europe in the 30 Years War |
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Term
| St. Bartholemew's Day Massacre |
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Definition
| Many Huguenots deaths in Paris and France; deciminated ranks of Protestant leaders but didn't suppress anti-Catholic movement in Europe |
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Term
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Definition
| Standard handbook on witches |
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Term
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Definition
| English political philosopher; the power of the ruler was absolute but from a contract with the governed |
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Term
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Definition
| Established new industries; improved transportation within France; set up tariffs to protect French industry; created a powerful merchant marine to transport French goods (who did it?) |
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Term
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Definition
| Advocated the idea that all men should have the vote regardless of whether they owned property; opposed private property (England) |
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Term
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Definition
| Led the New Model Army of Puritans against Vavaliers |
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Term
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Definition
| English royal family who brought England into the modern world; got most of funds from inheritance; put end to dynastic instability; transformed England into a Protestant nation; fund-raising tools |
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| He and his wife Mary peacefully overtook the English throne during the Glorious Revolution |
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| Nobles who supported the king in the English Civil War |
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| Gained vast territory for Russia to the Baltic sea in the north and east; westernized Russia; stature and knowledgeable |
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| A ruler who tried to advance society by fostering education, aiding the economy, and promoting social justice; wanted a more efficient state |
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| Made Prussia a great power in Europe and called himself "First servant of the state" |
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| Regulations on how the church and state worked together in England; vague enough to accommodate most of religions in England |
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| 4 year revolt in France against the king; led by nobles who sought to limit the powers of the monarch |
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| German; succeeded to the thrown after assassination of Czar Peter III; patron of many philosophers and enlightened despot; influenced by Spirit of Laws; established the Charter of Nobility of 1785 which gave nobility security of property, right to serfs, and immunity from arrest |
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| Middle class and nobility who supported Parliament in the English Civil War |
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| Granted Portugal the eastern trade route to the Indies as well as Brazil; lands west given to Spain |
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| Spanish and Turkish control of the Mediterranean was fought for. Spanish won. |
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| Economy where monetary wealth of a nation was controlled by the strict government regulation of the entire national economy; done through policies designed to secure an accumulation of bullion and foreign trading monopolies |
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| European country that became the leader in trade and commerce during the Commercial Revolution |
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| An economic system characterized by private ownership of capital goods bu investments that are by private decision and by prices and distributing of goods by competition of free market |
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| City where the first Modern European bank was established in 1609 |
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| Inflationary period at the end of the 16th century caused by the influx of gold and silver during the commercial revolution; resulted in transfer of bullion from Spain to the Far East |
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| Placement of tariffs on imported and exported goods to protect British industry and commerce against foreign competition in 1651 |
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| First European explorer to cross the Atlantic and land in Hispaniola; initiated ecological exchange between Americans and Europe |
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| Legal system where the Spanish crown attempted to define the status of Indian population in its American colonies; based upon the practice of exacting tribute from Muslims and Jews during Reconquista of Muslim Spain |
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| German merchants who created a banking dynasty which dominated European business during the 15th and 16th centuries |
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| "Crush the infamous thing" |
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Voltaire's quote about religion.
Voltaire; religious bigotry as supported by an organized clergy |
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| Popularizers of the scientific discoveries of the Enlightenment |
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| Capital city of the Enlightenment |
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| Rousseau; government should be based on voluntary participation by citizens, not simply by inheritance |
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| British philosopher; ideas on natural law was adopted to create the Declaration of Independence (who was it?) |
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| On Crime and Punishment; stated that innocent until convicted and punishment should fit the crime (who was it?) |
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| Common Sense; appeal for American Independence based on Enlightenment (who was it?) |
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| Believed that the primary role of government was to protect the property; felt economic production depended on sound agriculture |
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| Believed that economic liberty was the foundation of a natural economic system; economy should be based on the forces of supply and demand (who was it?) |
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| Religious toleration was a primary social condition for the virtuous life (who was it?) |
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| Based on belief that human nature, which was originally good, corrupted by society (who was it?) |
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| Rousseau imagined a social reform in which the individual surrenders his natural rights to the general will in order to secure society |
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| The defeat of Islamic states on the Iberian peninsula |
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| Machiavelli; "Bible of 20C dictators"; reality-based treatise; empirical (hands-on); wanted to unify Italy (what book was it?) |
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| Only 5 when king; made reign longest in Europe; led France through Golden Age and proclaimed "I am the state" (who was it?) |
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| Led the Catholic League and briefly married to "Bloody Mary"; annexed portugal (who was it?) |
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| Queen of Scots; killed by Elizabeth (who was it?) |
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| "The Great Elector"; waged war and acquired much territory; established a central admin bureaucracy and a modern civil service in Prussia (who was it?) |
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| Nicknamed "Bloody Mary"; tried to reinstate Catholicism in England after Edward died (who was it?) |
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| Holy Roman Emperor Charles V |
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| Prompted Pope Paul III to convene the Council of Trent in 1545 to assess the condition of the Catholic Church and define its doctrines (who was it?) |
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| Art that distorted human figures and unnatural lighting - beefy men |
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| Proved the Donation of Constantine as a fraud (who was it?) |
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| Catiglione; suggested the proper social graces for a young Renaissance noble. What book was it? |
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| Cervantes; satirized ideals of chivalry. What book was it? |
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| Sculptor but commissioned to paint Sistine Chapel |
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| What was the largest city in 18th century Europe? |
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| Artistic movement that replaced Baroque |
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| Governments avoid regulation in favor of the operation of individual initiative and market forces. Who would have thought this? |
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