Term
| Why did the Renaissance start in Italy? |
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Definition
-Wealth from industry and trade
-merchants got poli power from econ power
-financed art
-had more leisure time |
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Term
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Definition
| a system through which cities, groups and artists to produce specific works |
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Term
| Renaissance is a french word first used by historian Vasari |
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Definition
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Term
| "____ led the way in the great commercial revival of the eleventh century" (exs?) |
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Definition
| Northern Italian cities: Venice, Florence, Milan, and Genoa...and Rome? |
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Term
| Who was the bigtime Renaissance feminist? What did she write? What are some essential tenets? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who wrote The Book of the Courtier? What are some essential tenets? |
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Definition
Castiglione
-duty to serve several diff. rulers
-have a broad educational background
--spiritual and physical as well as intellectual capabilityies
-similar rules for women, but physical beauty is more important
-became a how-to manual seeking to rise in power |
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Term
| What did Machiavelli write? What are some essential tenets? |
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Definition
The Prince
-better to be feared (respected) than loved
-the function of a ruler (or any gov't) is to preserve order and security
-weakness led to disorder and civil war or outside conquest
-APPEAR to have good qualities
-adjust moral code to situation
-ends justify the means
-good rulers have virtu
-used Cesare Borgia as example (Pope Alexander VI)
--attributed his downfall to fortuna, fate (as a goddess)
-first modern guide to politics
-essentially a job application
-gov'ts should be judged on how well they provide security and order, not on how well they follow God's orders
-very secular views of gov't |
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Term
| Some important shipbuilding innovations? |
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Definition
-Accelerated speeds
-sail all year
-carry more merchandise |
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Term
| Why's Florence so special? (Part one) (Why was it set to succeed?) (5) |
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Definition
| -founded as a home for land-ed army vets from Roman army -on main road northward from Rome -->made it a commercial hub -grew rich buying/selling goods throughout Euro (grain, cloth, wool, weapons, armor, spices, glass, wine) -controlled papal banking by 1400s -loaned/invested money--> came to dominate European banking -$ pumped into urban industries -80,000 = pop--> 2x London at the time -bankers controlled politics/culture |
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Term
| Why's Florence so special? (part 2) (downfalls) |
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Definition
-King Edward repudiated huge debts to Florentine bankers, forced some into bankruptcy
-lost half of pop from Black Death
-labor unrest shook poli est.
--basic econ structure was stable |
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Term
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Definition
-sworn associations of free men
-sought poli/econ independence from nobles
-began to intermarry w/ nobles, tho
-very powerful, but rivalries made it unstable
-citizenship was dependent on a property qualification, years of residence, social connections
--only a small % met these requirements and thus voted |
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Term
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Definition
kinda like the plebs
-common people
-disenfranchised
-heavily taxed
-resented not having power
-increasingly used violence to gain power, set up republics
----in Bologna, Siena, Parma, Florence, Genoa, etc
-didn't last - couldn't maintain civil order before merchants took over again
- |
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Term
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Definition
military leaders sometimes brought in to establish order after merchants would defeat popolo republics
-had poli power and own mercenary armies |
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Term
Jeopardy Q:
-One man rules and hands down the right to his son -used for persons + forms of gov -maintained communal gov't institutions -no real power -oligarchic regimes bragged that their constitutional gov'ts were more democratic, but not much real difference - rule still constricted to small ruling class |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-households of signori and oligarchs
-offered opportunity to display wealth/power
-required poli business to be conducted in fancy palaces
-spurred patronage
-gave fancy parades for visiting rulers |
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Term
"Political loyalty and feeling centered on the ___"
Effect? |
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Definition
| city-state - hindered unified states |
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Term
| Okay, name five 1600s Italy powerhouses |
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Definition
| Venice, Milan, Florence, Papal States, Naples |
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Term
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Definition
-enormous trading empire
-republic in name, really an oligarchy
of merchant-aristocrats |
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Term
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Definition
-republic in name, really an oligarchy
of signori of Sforza family (1447-1535) |
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Term
| What is the Battle of San Romano? |
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Definition
-Florentine victory over Siena
-started Florence on road to victory over smaller states |
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Term
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Definition
-bankers who ruled Florence (republic in name, really an oligarchy
-Lorenzo and Cosimo ruled behind scenes, not public officials
-made 3 popes
-descendants = Grand Dukes of Tuscany
-ruled from around 1434-1737 |
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Term
| Tell me about Pope Alexander VI |
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Definition
(1492-1503)
-most ruthless ruling family pope
-aided poli/milt by Cesare Borgia, illegitimate son |
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Term
| Name four smaller city-states controlled by bigger ones |
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Definition
| Siena, Mantua, Ferrara, and Modena |
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Term
| define: humanism (just definition, no figures) |
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Definition
| -a program of study designed by Italians that emphasized the critical study of Latin and Greek literature with the goal of understanding human nature -Petrach proposed it in 1350 -used classics to write clearly and argue effectively -human nature and its achievements are worthy of contemplation |
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Term
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Definition
-the quality od being able to shape the world according to one's own will
-Leonardo da VInci (rose from his humble beginnings) |
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Term
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Definition
| humanist tutor who contributed letters/orations/lectures/dialogues etc |
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Term
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Definition
-best-known female scholar of her time
-Venetian
-Gave U of Padua speech that basically said: "Education does all of these great things for men, and that's why women should have the same privilege!" |
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Term
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Definition
| Advised Isotta Nogarola on what to do education-wise |
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Term
| Who did McKay call a "genius"? |
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Definition
Leonardo da Vinci
also called him the first exs of "Renaissance Man" |
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Term
| Explain Renaissance diplomacy |
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Definition
| Renaissance Italian invented the machinery of modern diplomacy: permamant embassies w/ resident ambassadors in capitals to monitor poli/econ ties |
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Term
| When France invaded Italy in 1494, what was the state of power and Italian city states? |
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Definition
Powerhouses= Venice, Florence, Milan, and the papacy
-Florence and Milan agreed to acquire Milanese territories
-Milan called on Fr. to support (Charles VIII) |
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Term
| "In ___, the Fr. invasion was interpreted as...." |
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Definition
| Florence: fulfillment of a prophecy by the Dominican friar Girolamo Savonarola: that God would punish Italy for its moral vice and corrupt leadership |
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Term
| After the French conquered Florence, who fell? Who took over? |
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Definition
| Medici down, Savanarola up |
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Term
| Describe Savanarola's reign |
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Definition
-called upon people to destroy anything that would lead to sin
--fancy clothes
--cosmetics
--pagan books
--musical instruments
--paintings
--poetry that celebrated human beauty
----"bonfires of the vanities"
-wildly popular for a while
-eventually got tired of moral denunciations
-excommunicated by pope
-tortured and burned at bonfires of the vanities spot
-Medici took over again
-showed instability of Italian cities |
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Term
| What is it: France v. Holy Roman Empire (here on out known as HRE) duke it out for Rome. Who was Fr. Emperor at the time? How long did it last for? |
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Definition
Habsburg-Valois Wars
under Charles V
1494-1559
-Italian cities suffered from continual warfare -Big downfalls: failure to unify until 1870 |
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Term
| V/F: Renaissance thinkers knew they were in a new era |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-Strong supporter of implementation of classics into Renaissance education/movement
-drew a distinction between his era and "dark ages"
-thought his Renaissance would capture glory of ROme
-proposed humanism around 1350 |
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Term
| name some humanist figures |
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Definition
Loved Cicero, who supported republican gov't
-thought that Caesar's making Rome into an imperial rule was a betrayal of the great society
-Leonardo Bruni supported this
-Plato & Greek philosophers/Roman lit
-Cosimo de'Medici (power) and Marsilio Ficino (to-be priest) led group of Florence's cultural elite (Platonic Academy)
-thought Plato was divinely inspired |
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Term
| Who was Giovanni Pico della Mirandola? |
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Definition
Mirandola-->miracle (creature)
-Ficino's most brilliant student -wrote Dignity of Man (esay) in 1486 -stressed that man possesses great dignity because he was made as Adam in the image of God before the Fall and as Christ after the Resurrection -man can freely choose whether to rise to the realm of the angels or descend to the realm of animals -man is a "miraculous creature" -no limits on what he can accomplish |
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Term
| "For Ficino and Mirandola, both Christian and classical texts taught that..." |
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Definition
| the universe was a hierarchy of beings from God down through spiritual beings to material beings, with the humanity the crucial link right in the middle, both material and spiritual. |
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Term
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Definition
-Wrote "The Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects"
-included himself |
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Term
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Definition
-wrote novels, plays, legal treatises, a study of the family, and the first scientific analysis of persepctive; designed churches, palaces, and fortifications effective against cannon; invented secret-code-sending machine, machine that could cipher/decipher them
-referred to self in third person in autobio |
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Term
| "Plato taught that the best way to learn something was to ..." |
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Definition
| "think about its perfect, ideal form." leads to Thomas More writing Utopia |
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Term
| Define: Christian humanists |
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Definition
| Northern humanists who interpreted Italian ideas about and attitudes toward classical antiquity and humanism in terms of their own religious traditions --> they were for combining the best of both worlds |
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Term
| Why didn't humanists like the already established universities? |
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Definition
-only focused on theology and philosophy
-education should not be for private individuals, but public good |
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Term
| What were the new, humanist schools like? |
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Definition
-Taught Latin grammar, rhetoric, history, and poli philosophy
-taught Greek, Greek lit, Greek philosophy
-eventually became basis of upper-class ed |
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Term
| Disagreement about women's edu during Renaissance? |
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Definition
-thought it wasn't proper for her sphere (including Alberti) to learn about eloquence and action
-many saw value of exposing women to classical models of moral behavior and reasoning
-SHOCKER: women thought they should be educated
-some were, as tutors |
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Term
| Describe Utopia (the book) |
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Definition
-Thomas More, 1516
-Christian humanism
-Grk word for "nowhere"
-all children receive a good education in Grk/Rmn classics
-adults divide day between manual labor and intellectual activities
-poverty and the like is solved by beneficent gov't
-religious toleration
-dissent and disagreement unacceptable, tho, since Utopia island is perfect |
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Term
| Who is Desiderius Erasmus? (6) |
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Definition
| -from Rotterdam (Dutch) -exceptional knowledge of Grk/the Bible -wrote The Education of a Christian Prince -combined idealistic and practical suggestions for forming a ruler's character thru studying Plutarch, Aristotle, Cicero, and Plato -also wrote The Praise of Folly - satire of worldly wisdom -plea for simple/spontaneous Christian faith of children -wrote edition of Grk new testament -Themes: education is the means to reform and moral/intellectual improvement -Theme 2: "Philosophy of Christ" - Christianity is only what Christ says, no one else |
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Term
| What was the main difference between Erasmus and Plutarch? |
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Definition
| Erasmus's ideas spread quickly because they were copied w/ a printing press, while Plutarch's were not |
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Term
| Who invented the printing press? |
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Definition
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Term
| "The printing revolution was also enabled by the ready availability of __, which was also made using ___" |
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Definition
| paper; techniques that had originated in China and were brought into Europe through Muslim Spain |
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Term
| what were some reasons for the demand for new reading materials during the fifteenth century? |
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Definition
-primary school development
-opening of more unis
-increase in urban literacy |
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Term
| V/F: printers had access to poli connections that other artisans didn't |
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Definition
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Term
| what did lots of identical books do for society? |
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Definition
-invisible public that could congregate more easily about ideas in printing shops and thru letters
-bridged gap between literary and oral cultures when read aloud |
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Term
| Gov't reaction to printing press? |
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Definition
-printed laws, declarations of war, battle accounts, and propaganda
-tried to censor heretical ideas |
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Term
| Who were considered the artistic equals of Italian painters? |
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Definition
| Flemish and more religious painters Rogier van der Weyden and Jan van Eyck |
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Term
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Definition
delegated by Florentine cloth merchants to design bronze doors of Florentine Baptistery
Ghib-ler - always closed doors |
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Term
| Who commissioned art before wealthy individuals? |
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Definition
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Term
| Since Renaissance men were spending more money on art, they spent less on THIS medieval hot commodity |
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Definition
| military gear - hired mercenaries, not knights |
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Term
| Difference between art topics medieval/Renaissance? |
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Definition
-Religious - both
-Classical/pagan - humanists!
- |
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Term
| The Florentine painter ___ LED the way in the use of realism |
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Definition
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Term
| Who are Piero della Francesa and Andrewa Mantegna? |
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Definition
| pioneered perspective in painting |
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Term
| Who is Donatello (besides the TMNT)? |
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Definition
sculptor who revived the classical figure, with its balance and self-awareness
(think of stature of turtle) |
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Term
| Who is Filippo Brunelleschi? |
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Definition
architect also inspired by the classics
-delegated by Florentine cloth merchants to build dome on cathedral of Florence
- designed an orphan hospital with very deliberate proportions
(think, like, Bruno would never do that) |
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Term
| When did the center of the new art shift from Florence to Rome? |
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Definition
early sixteenth centuries
Venice rocked it, too |
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Term
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Definition
Sans eew: good artist
-Florentine
-commissioned for frescoes in papal apts
-one of the most sought-after artists in Europe
-taught classes
-wrote treatises on art philosophy (imitate nature) |
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Term
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Definition
Like Arcus Titi, greatly exaggerated
-Venetian
-produced portraits, religious subjects, and mythological scenes
-oil painter - sped up process
-pleased patrons
-adopted "mannerism" painting style -->exaggerated muscles, heightened color, distorted figures |
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Term
| What changed in the perception of artists in the medieval-->Renaissance? |
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Definition
| Artist actually viewed as having a talent/gift - they were valued! |
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Term
| Barriers to female artists? |
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Definition
-Well, all famous Renaissance artists were men
-No female architects' names are known, and only one sculptor
-more active in textiles/needlework/porcelain painting, but considered "minor," not "major" arts
-also rarely included names
-A couple of painters achieved fame in their day, but largely halted after they were married
-they were all wealthy, too
-couldn't join artisan groups
-couldn't make male nude or fresco (painting in public) |
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Term
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Definition
| A fourteenth-century term for Jews and Muslims who accepted Christianity; in many cases they included Christians whose families had converted centuries earlier |
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Term
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Definition
well, that would mean like "nation" or people. But they did make distinctions based on skin color. Thing is, though, these were woven with other characteristics.
-Black slavery was booming, because it seemed exotic and worldly
--also the kingdoms were in turmoil ofterntimes
--Lisbon had a LOOOT of slaves
--slaves supplemented labor outside of the court - agricultural laborers, craftsmen, and seamen
--Queen Elizabeth complained about "blackamores" taking English domestic servant jobs
--people thought that contact with "superior" Europeans would "improve" Africans |
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Term
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Definition
not really used as a word, but there was a social hierarchy based on wealth and medieval orders.
-Wealthy merchants started marrying poorer nobility and thus consolidated their power
-also had considerations of honor (you know, conduct) |
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Term
| Define the debate about women (poli, not art) |
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Definition
| Quarelle des femmes -earned 2/3 of what men did -a debate among writers and thinkers in the Renaissance about women's qualities and proper role in society -debated female leaders -Christine de Pizan defended women and explored the reasons for their second-class status -printing press intensified debate ---showed women representing vice -best wife thought to be a tortoise or a snail -the upkeep of a relationship between a dominant man and subordinate woman was considered a symbol of the proper functioning of society as a whole -"true man" ran a household -gender hierarchy considered most "natural," thus most impt to defend |
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Term
| WHO in the fifteenth century saw the revival of France? |
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Definition
Charles VII
-Joan of Arc guy
-had to revive from Black Death and 100YW
-reconciled Burgundians and Armagnacs (30-yr civil war)
-1453 - expelled English army from French soil except in Calais
-reorganized royal council, increased influence to lawyers and bankers
-strengthened royal finances
-first permanent royal army |
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Term
| Who is the "Spider King"? Tell me abt hm |
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Definition
Louis XI
-bad person
-used father Charles VII's army to control separate noble militias and urban independence |
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Term
| Two further developments strengthened the Fr. monarchy |
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Definition
-marriage of Louis XII and Anne of Brittany added Brittany duchy
-Francis I and Pope Leo X made Concordat of Bologna in 1516
--Pope receives first year's income of new bishops and abbots, as long as Fr. ruler selects them |
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Term
| Tell me about England during the fifteenth century |
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Definition
-violent aristocracy dominated Henry IV gov't
-population declined from Black Plague and 100YW
-Houses of York (white rose) and Lancaster (red rose) waged civil war
--hurt industry
-monarchy's authority sank pretty low under mentally disturbed Henry VI
-Yorkist Edward IV established some peace when he defeated Lancaster in 1471
-Edward, brother Richard III, and Henry VI (Tudor) restored royal prestige, diminished noble power
-Yorks/Tudors were diplomatic, not war-waging
--didn't have to depend on Parliament to wage wars
-Henry VII convened Parliament to confirm laws
-chose council/cabinet largely from smaller landowners and urban residents trained in law
-got internat'l recognition of Tudor dynasty upon marriage of Henry's son Author to Catherine of Aragon (Ferdinand/Isabella's daughter)
-Court of Star Chamber dealt with aristocratic threats...couldn't see evidence against them
-against English common law |
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Term
| Tell me about Spain during the fifteenth century |
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Definition
-No unified nation-states like Fr/Eng
-conglomerate of independent kingdoms
-Kingdoms of CASTILE and ARAGON dominated Navarre, Portugal, and Granada
-everyone's Christian now
-1469 marriage of Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon didn't smooth anything over or bring domestic unity
--dynastic union, not poli union
--pursued common foreign policy
--able to exert similar authority to Fr/Eng, tho
--curbed aristocratic power
--trained council, some gov't boards in Roman law, exalted the throne
--secured right from Alexander VI to appoint bishops in Spain and its American territories
---made essentially a nat'l church
--used revenues to gain territories won by Muslims in southern Spain
--oversaw Inquisition, suspicious of Jewish-->Christian converts, or those with Jewish heritage (Judaism in your blood makes you never a true Christian)
--antisemitism had been aggravatd by anti-Jewish preaching, economic dislocation, and search for a scapegoat for the Balck Death
--forced 40% of Jewish population to convert or killed them
---called "conversos," or New Christians
-here's how the rest of the dynasty goes: 2nd daughter Joanna, w/ Castile, marries archduke Philip, heir to Netherlands/HRE
---son Charles V, THEN son Philip II joins Portugal to Spanish crown, unites Iberian peninsula |
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