1348

Start of Black Death; Ends in 1721

1381

English Peasant Revolt

1485

Battle of Bosworth Field; Won by Henry III - established the House of Tudors and ended the War of the Roses

1492

Ferdinand and Isabelle successfully engage Reconquista and sponsor Christopher Columbus on his voyage to the New World.

1527

Sack of Rome by Charles V; Part of Habsburg-Valois Wars - Ends High Renaissance in Rome

1555

Peace of Augsburg; Ends German Civil War between the Holy Roman Emperor

(Charles V) and the German princes/nobility. This granted princes control over their own state.

1525

German Peasant Revolt

1545

Council of Trent; Charles V summons Martin Luther to Trent for a sincere apology. Luther refuses, and is protected by the German Nobility; Starts the German Civil War.

1588

Phillip II sends Spanish Armada to conquer the English; Part of the Dutch Revolt

1618-1648

Thirty Years War

1648

Peace of Westphalia; Ends the 30 Years War

1453

Fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Turks

1649

End of English Civil War; Charles I is executed.

1688

The Glorious Revolution in England; Sets up the English Bill of Rights.

1620

Battle of White Mountain

1683

The Seige of Vienna 

1709

Battle of Poltava

1792

Poland gets dissolved by Catherine the Great.

1763

Treaty of Paris - Ends Seven Years War and French & Indian War

1789-1799

French Revolution

Dante

wrote the "Divine Comedy"

Chauser

wrote "Canterbury Tales"

Pison

wrote the "Book of the City of Ladies"

Valla

wrote "On Pleasure" and "The False Donation of Constantine" - he is the father of historical criticism

Boccacio

 wrote "The Decameron", which expressed his feelings that it's okay to be a little greedy, wealthy, and to have things you enjoy.

Michaelangelo

Associate with designing the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel and sculpting David.

Leonardo DaVinci

painted Mona Lisa and David

Rafael

painted Madonna and Child

Thomas More

More was a Northern Humanist; he wrote "Utopia"

Erasmus

Northern Humanist who wrote "In Praise of Folly"

Charles VII of France

New Monarch; he succeeded in winning the 100 Years War, and establishing the first National Army

Louis XI

Also known as the "Spider King", he was a New Monarch; won territory for France

Henry VII of England

Defeated Richard III at Bosworth Field (1485), and won the War of the Roses. He was a New Monarch who establish the House of Tudors (Tudor Dynasty) and initiated the Star Chamber.

Ferdinand and Isabelle

New Monarchs of Spain; led the Reconquista which expelled the Jews and Moors in 1492; sponsored Colombus

Machiavelli

 wrote "The Prince", which expressed his ideas of how a monarch should gain, maintain, and increase his political control. The book also expressed his ideas of how a monarch should prefer being feared over loved by his subjects, but not hated.

Castiglione

wrote "The Cortier"

Henry VIII

started the English Reformation due to political reasons; est. the Anglican Church - which was separated from the Catholic Church, but still continued to practice Cath. traditions; had six wives; Initiated the Dissolution of Monasteries

Charles V

was the Holy Roman Emperor during the 16th Century; he lead the Diet of Worms, was a Habsburg Catholic leader, and controlled the territories of Austria, Spain, the Netherlands, North America, and parts of Italy

heir of Henry VIII and implemented the "Book of Common Prayer" ; Protestant

Martin Luther

started the Reformation and the 95 Theses; drew up the Confession of Augsburg, which was a document drawn up in 1555 to defend the catholicity of Lutheran doctrine and to justify innovations in Lutheran practice

John Calvin

introduced Calvinism; in Geneva; introduced the theory of "predestination" and wrote "The Institutes of the Christian Religion"

Mary I

Also known as "Mary Tudor" or "Bloody Mary" ; burned 300 protestants at the stake and married Philip II of Spain

introduced moderate Protestantism in England and also defeated the Spanish Armada

Ignatius Loyola

introduced the order of the Jesuits (Jesus Followers)

John Knox

established the Presbyterian Church in Scotland

Francis I

a major enemy of Charles V, started the Nobility of the Robe - who purchased their title of nobility; King of France who sold offices

Henry of Navarre

 Also known as Henry VI, was a politique who won the War of the Three Henry's, created the Edict of Nantes, founded the Bourbon Dynasty, and converted to Catholicism saying, "Paris is worth a Mass"

Philip II

son of Charles V and was the king of Spain which launched the Spanish Armada against Elizabeth I in 1588; started the Dutch Revolt; was an extremely Catholic Habsburg; married to Mary Tudor

Gustavus Adolphus

King of Sweden who supports the Protestants during the 30 Years War, and enters the war during the Swedish Phase (Prot. Victory). Dies at the Battle of Lutzen

Christopher Columbus

sponsored by Ferdinand and Isabelle; goal was to get to Asia by sailing West but fails to reach his goal, as he discovers the New World.

Ferdinand Magellan

led the 1st circumnavigation of the globe; named the Pacific; sailed through the Straits of Magellan.

Vasco De Gama

Cortez

Spanish Conquistador who conquered the Aztecs.

Pizarro

Spanish Conquistador who conquered the Incas

Sir Francis Drake

leader of the Seadog; led the English Navy against the Spanish Armada; succeeded in the 2nd circumnavigation of the globe

Michael de Montaigne

proclaimed as the father of spepticism and the essay

Shakespeare

famous English writer during the Golden Age of Literature

Louis XIII

appointed first chief minister = Cardinal Richelieu

Charles I

establish ship money which was an illegal tax to get around asking money from Parliament; lost the English Civil War and was executed.

James I

'

established the Stuart Dynasty; wanted to get rid of bishops; used Divine Right

Oliver Cromwell

Lord Protector of England

John Locke

wrote the "2nd Treatise of Civil Government" and "Essay Concerning Human Understanding"

Thomas Hobbes

wrote the "Leviathan"

Charles VI of Austria

wrote the "Law of Pragmatic Sanction"

Fredrick William I

Also known as the soldier king

Peter the Great

won the Northern War; successfully westernized Russia; Won the Battle of Poltava

James II

violates the Test Act by hiring Catholics as higher officials

William and Mary of Orange

King and Queen of England after the Glorious Revolution of 1688

Servantes

wrote "Don Quijotes"

Voltaire

was a faithful deist and preferred enlightened absolutism; wrote "Candid" which was a novel which poked at philosophy toward optimism and was critical towards priests.

Lollards

Followers of Northern Humanist - John Wycliff

June 20, 1789

"The Oath of the Tennis Court" - The National Assembly of France declares that they will not disband until a new constitution for France is created

Confession of Augsburg

document which started the Lutheran Church

Act of Supremacy

split England from the Catholic Church, during the reign of Henry VIII

Pilgramage of Grace

revolt against Henry VIII's reformation policies

Huguenots

French Calvinists

iconoclasm

the destruction of religious symbols

politique

ruler of the 16th century; cared more for political unity than religious conformity

misogyny

hatred of women

Encomienda System

Spanish system in order to enslave the native americans

Treaty of Tordesillas

also known as the line of demarcation or the Papal Line; divided the possessions of the New World between Portugal (Everything to the East) and Spain (Everything to the West)

sovereignty

a country who has monopoly or control over the political, judicial, and legislative powers within a country

Absolutism

when a monarch gains sovereign power of a nation

Divine Right

the idea that God chose the monarch for the throne

the Frande

a revolt of the nobility due to their upset of the policies of Richeliu

Mercantilism

the theory that a country is self-sufficient of its goods; becomes the economic system of France

Tariffs

a tax on imported goods

Treaty of Pyrenees 

ended 30 years conflict between France and Spain (1659)

The century the Renaissance took place in

15th Century

The century the New Monarchs ruled

15th Century

The Century the Age of Discovery took place in

late 15th Century - early 16th Century

Population declined

- 15th Century 

- 17th Century, due to shortage of food

The Century the Reformation took place in 

16th Century

The Century in which the Golden Age for the Habsburg Empire took place in

16th Century

The Century the Price Revolution (Inflation) took place in

16th Century

the population began to rise in the 16th Century due to so many starvations, resulting in more food for the population

Golden Age of Spain (Habsburgs)

 16th Century - Empire, Reconquista, Exploration led to silver imports, Spain was the Catholic Leader of Europe; Antwerp was the financial center of the Spanish Netherlands

1789

Year of "The Great Fear" and the year when the "Declaration of the Rights of Man" is created

Scientific Revolution began

16th Century

Religious Wars

16th Century

Population Declines 

17th Century - due to shortage of food 

Golden Age of Netherlands

17th Century - Amsterdam is the financial center/capital

The Age of Louis XIV

Second Half of the 17th Century

Age of Absolutism in Eastern Europe

17th Century

Agricultural Revolution

17th Century - starts in Netherlands

Scientific Revolution

17th Century

French Revolution 

18th Century

Population Explosion

18th Century

The Enlightenment

18th Century (1750 = the height)

France is the social and intellectual center of Europe

18th Century

Enlightened absolute monarchs

18th Century

Reading Revolution

18th Century

Population Decline due to Black Death

14th Century

1337-1453

The lifespan of the 100 Years War

1358

The Jacquerie / the French peasant revolt

1713

 Year of the Peace of Utrecht, which ended the War of Spanish Succession (the last war of Louis XIV), ended the Golden Age of the Netherlands, recognized Prussia and Britain as an empire

1750

Height of the Enlightenment

1791

Year that the French Revolution is created

1792

France begins war with Austria and Prussia

1794

Most radical year of the French Revolution and the year of the "Reign of Terror" under the National Convention

1794

The Thermidorian Reaction

Marsigliuo of Padua

A leader of the Conciliar Movement. Published a book called "Defensor Pacis" (Defender of Peace), which shares his beliefs that the state should control society instead of the church.

Poco Della Mirandola

Man who said that humans are capable of anything because they are created in the image of God.

Ulrich Zwingli (1484-1531)

German Protestant who admired Erasmus. He died in a battle during the German Civil War.

John Wycliffe

A Northern Humanist who encourage people to read the Bible themselves instead of listening to what the pope or priests say. He had the Bible translated into vernacular - language of the common folk.

Petrarch

Man who named the time period known as the Renaissance

Amerigo Vespucci

Map maker who America is named after

Joliet and Salle

French Explorers

Diberti

The architect who created "The Bronze Doors".

Erasmus

"Man who laig the egg that Luther hatched" through actions such as wiring "The Praise of Folly", which criticized the church.

Thomas Moore

Author of "Utopia", which criticizes society. He was a northern humanist.

Donatello

A renaissance artist who sculpted a bronze staue of the Biblical Hero, David.

Atahualpa

Incan Emperor at the time that Pizarro entered South America.

Thomas Munzer

Man who started Anabaptism.

Bartholomew Diaz

Portuguese man who was the first man to reach the Cape of Good Hope at the southern tip of Africa.

Francis the 1st

The French king that created the Nobility of the Robe and was known for spending large sums of money to support art such as bringing Leonardo da Vinci along with his Mona Lisa to France

Edward III

The king of England who was also the Duke of Acquitaine. When Acquitaine is seized from him, the 100 Years War begins.

Chaucer

The man who wrote the "Counterbary Tales".

Frederick of Saxony

German prince who protected Martin Luther from Charles the 5th

Christine de Pisan

 The woman who wrote "The City of Ladies".

Philip VI

The king of France who seizes Acquitaine from its Duke, Edward III, sparking the 100 Years War.

Richard II

King of England who demolished the English Peasant Revolt of 1381

Henry V

The warrior king of England who wins the Battle of Agincourt during the 100 Years War, which puts a temporary end to the war. He dies soon after causing the war to start again.

Jan Hus

Czech man who says that a person can say whatever they want about the Catholic, but then he was burnt at the stake.

Joan of Arc

French peasant girl who proclaimed to have received revelations from God on how to lead the French in the 100 Years War. She was given permission to lead the French army because of their desperation. Surprisingly, she won the Battle of Orleans causing a turning point in the war. She later was captured by the Burgundians and burnt at the stake by the Enlgish. She is now a French Saint

Louis XIII

Infant son of Henry IV left at the throne after his death.

Cardinal Richelieu

The first minister of Louis XIII who crushed the nobility by creating the Intendent System. He crushed the political power of the Huguenots by the siege of La Rochelle. He laid the foundations for French absolutism.

St. Bartholomew's Massacre

the massacre of 12,000 Hugeonots in Paris

Sea Dogs

Elizabeth I's pirates who robbed Spanish treasure

Intendent

local officials who spied on and taxed the nobles; set up by Cardinal Richelieu

War of Spanish Succession

was the last war of Louis XIV. It was for the balance of powere between France and the rest of Europe

Peace of Utrecht 

ends the War of Spanish Succession

Ship Money

illegal taxes raised by Charles I to avoid the Parliament

Anglo - Dutch Wars

a series of trade wars between the English and Dutch

Junkers 

Prussian Nobility

Boyars

Russian Nobility

The Great Northern War

war between Sweden and Russia

Geocentric Theory

Earth is in the center of the universe 

Heliocentric Theory

sun-centered universe

Cartesian Dualism

Rene De Cartes belief that there's a distinction between mind and matter

Deism 

belief that God created everything but no longer interferes with its fate

Salons

intellectual gatherings hosted by elite women

Indentured Servant

7 Years of labor in exchange for a poor European to come to the New World

Louis XIV

the Sun King who built the Palace of Versailles

Charles II

Created the Treaty of Dover and Test Act

Robert Walpole

first prime minister of England

Cervantes

wrote the book called "Don Quixote

Charles VI

Habsurg emperor who signs the Pragmatic Sanction

Frederick William 

the Prussian "soldier king" who built up the Prussian military to the 4th strongest; it was impressive for its size

Copernicus 

Polish astronomer who wrote "On the Revolution of Heavenly Spheres"

Johannes Kepler

established the 3 laws of Planetary Motion

Galileo Galilei

wrote the "Law of Inertia"

Sir Isaac Newton

wrote "Principia" and created the "Law of Universal Gravitation"

Sir Francis Bacon

Father of Empiricism (Experimentation)

Rene Des Cartes

Father of Modern Geometry; Cartesian Dualism

Fontenelle

wrote the "Conversations on the Plurality of Worlds" and the "Eulogies of Scientists" - which described his praise of science and hatred of religion

Diederot and D'Alenbert 

fathers of the encyclopedia

Montesquieu

against absolutism; introduced separation of powers and checks and balances; wrote the "Spirit of Laws"

Madame de Chatelet

translated Newton's "Principia" into French

Madam Geoffrin

most famous hostess of salons in France

Jean - Jacques Rousseau

believed in "social contract" and "general will"; He wrote "Emile"

Catherine the Great 

westernize Russian society

18th century

The Enlightenment

France is the intellectual and cultural center of europe

Reading Revolution

War of Austrian Succession and 7 years War=Wars of the mid-18th Century

Population Explosion

Cottage Industry

England's greatest trade rival is France

Britain starts the Industrial Revolution

19th century

Major medical advancements

Population increase

Age of Nationalism

Mid-19th century - Crimean war

Age of 'New Imperialism'

1789

The Great Fear

June 20, 1789

Oath of the Tennis Court

July 14, 1789

Bastille Day

1794

Year of Reign of Terror; The most radical year of the French Revolution

1789 - 1794

French Revolution

1794

Thermidorean Reaction

1804

Napoleonic Code

Concordat of 1801

1805

Battle of Trafalger and Battle of Austerlitz

Battle of Waterloo, Start of European Industrialization, Congress of Vienna

Start of the Third Republic; Franco-Prussian War; Reforms under the Third Republic: Trade unions are legalized; free compulsory education - secular education; anti-Catholic

Invented the Spinning Jenny

invented the first effective steam engine

wrote the "Essay on the Principle of Population" - said that population will always outstrip the world's food supply; famine, wars help balance the population growth; classical economist

wrote "Iron Law of Wages" - theory that wages will stay at a sibsistence level; NO EXTRA MONEY; workers will have tough experience; classical economist

wrote "On the Origin of Species"

later known as Napoleon III - urbanized Paris through George Haussman; was the first president of Paris - elected by universal male suffrage; granted workers the right to form unions/strikes. Created the 2nd Empire when he proclaimed himself as Emperor Napoleon III

Lister 

Sigmund Freud

Tory Party

Alfred Dreyfus, a Jewish captain in the

French army, was accused of treason.

This divided French Republicans (who were

for) against Catholics (who were against).

Dreyfus was not convicted.

labor aristocracy

Universal Male Suffrage 

gave all men rights to vote; France (1848), German (1871), England (1884)

Austro - Hungarian Empire

Dual Monarchy, 1866, led by Franz Joseph

Zionist Movement 

Jew want old country back: 1948 - Creation of Israel

Theodore Herzel 

leade of the Zionist Movement

Zollverein 

trade union led by Prussia against Austria

Kulterkamf

"Struggle for Civilization" Failed - Bismarck against church

Reichstag

German Parliament, after conservative constitution, 1871

Social Darwinism 

Survival of the Fittest; no postive things in return

Abbe Sieyes

wrote "What is the 3rd Estate?"

John Kay 

invented the Flying Shuttle

Edward Jenner

came up with small pox vaccination

Syllabus of Errors

book from pope; denounced Italian unification

Romanticism

loved nationalism; loved chivalry (Middle Ages); preferred rural area; 1770s and 1780s - Sturm and Drang; Rousseau - father of romanticism; emotion against Enlightenment

1851

the year of the Great Exhibition in the Crystal Palace

Eugene Delacroix

painted Liberty Leading the People and Massacre at Chios

Edmund Burke

Wrote "Reflections on the Revolution of France" - defends inherited privileges of the nobility and prefers a king. He is often called the father of conservatism

Sergei Witte

Franco - Prussian War

After 7 weeks of war, Prussia wins at the  Battle of Sedan; France loses Alsace Lorraine; Napoleon III abdicates after defeat

Olympe de Gouges

wrote the "Declaration of the Rights of Man"

Austro - Prussian War

Prussia wins at the Battle of Sedowa

September Massacre

1792 - Creates the National Convention (1792-1794)

1776 - 1783

American Revolution

Adam Smith

wrote the "Wealth of Nations" and created laissez-faire

Russian - German Reinsurance Treaty

Bismarck secretly created this treaty with Russia in order to promise neutrality if other was attacked

Wilhelm II

young, arrogant; jealous of Bismarck's power; eldest grandson of Queen Victoria. Admired the British Navy. Dismissed Bismarck

Algeciras Conference

Called by Wilhelm II in order to discuss the issue of Morrocco

The Battle of the Marne

French army clashes with Germany; war stalls. The stalemate lasts 3 and a half years; begins trench warfare

Remarque

wrote "All Quiet on the Western Front"

Alexander Kerensky

After Nicholas abdicated, the provisional government takes over, led by Alexander Kerensky; biggest mistake of keeping Russia in the war 

Vlademir Lenin 

Communist leader of the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia

1917

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

Russia gives up a third of its population to Germany ; in order to remove themselves from the war

Gustav Stresemann

the moderate leader of Germany, during the 1920s; asks for re-examination of the war reparations in the Versailles Treaty

John Mayner Keynes 

a British economist who said that during the Depression, the best way to get out is for the government to overspend; also known as deficit spending

Trotsky 

leader of the Bolshevik Army

Kulaks

peasants who begin to revolt against collectivization; deported to forced labor camps, slaughtered, and forced to work in new factories

Leni Riefenstahl

a Nazi filmmaker for Hitler; created "Triumph of the Will"

Eisenstein

Soviet filmmaker for Stalin

"Beer Wall Putsch"

Hitler and his "Beer Wall Putsch" tries to revolt against Stresemann

Hitler

writes "Mein Kempf" - ideas of Naziism; based on the concept of space and race; German Dictator

Leon Bloom

leader of the Popular Front

appeasement

the idea that before WWII, Britain and France did not to anything to stop Hitler, in order to avoid war.

Neville Chamberlain

the prime minister of England during the Minich Conference; prime minister of appeasement; asks Hitler to promise to stop territorial expansion; leads to the Munich Pact

June 6, 1944

invasion on Normandy, France - D-Day 

August 6, 1945

Atomic Bomb dropped on Hiroshima

August 9, 1945

Atomic Bomb dropped on Nagasaki

Friedrich Nietzche

Ludwig Wittgenstein

Existentialism

-20th Century Philosophy

-Originated in France

-Believe that human beings simply exist; they have no purpose

Jean Paul Sartre