Term
| Why was the Directory so easily overthrown by Napoleon? (3) |
|
Definition
1) weak dictatorship
2) Unpopularity
3) Corruption |
|
|
Term
| The majority of the third estate was made up of _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What developments support the idea of a lack of conflict between nobles and bourgeoisie pre-Revolution? (3) |
|
Definition
1) Nobility was a fluid and open order
2) Nobles, bourgeoisie equally liberal, both support Judicial opposition to the Parlements
3) Little econ. tension b/t two groups with the same econ. interests |
|
|
Term
| Why were economic conditions especially bad for the common people in 1789? |
|
Definition
| Bad harvests lead to rise in bread prices and subsequently unemployment |
|
|
Term
| Who were the angry men? Who led their spring 1793 protests? |
|
Definition
Sans-culottes group demanding radical political action to get bread
Jacques Roux |
|
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Term
| The arrest of Louis XVI led to Austria and Prussia to issue the _____ in [mo, yr.], which stated _____. |
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Definition
| Declaration of Pillnitz, August 1791, states Austria and Prussia would intervene in France under certain circumstances (a measure meant to slow Revolution without declaring war) |
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|
Term
| Who said of the French army, "No maneuvering, nothing elaborate, just cold steel, passion, and patriotism?" |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In [mo, yr], the women of Paris marched to Versailles to protest the high price of bread. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In February 1815, Napoleon returns and rules for a period called _____ until he is defeated at _____ and exiled to _____. |
|
Definition
Hundred Days
Battle of Waterloo
St. Helena |
|
|
Term
| What are the results of the Battle of Trafalgar? (yr?) |
|
Definition
French and Spanish navy defeated by British navy, showing land conquest of England was impossible
1805 |
|
|
Term
| What was the result of the women's march to Versailles? |
|
Definition
| King has to live in Paris |
|
|
Term
| What 1790 work by British author _____ defended inherited privileges, supported unrepresentative government, and is considered one of European history's greatest defense of conservatism? |
|
Definition
| Edmund Burke, Reflections on the Revolution in France |
|
|
Term
| How did the republic under the National Convention create a new popular culture? (2) |
|
Definition
1) New calendar- no saints' days
2) Broad, open-air festivals |
|
|
Term
| In 1799, L'Ouverture extended control of Saint-Domingue by _____. |
|
Definition
| Defeating Rigaud in a civil war and taking control of the whole colony |
|
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Term
| Cpompare the old historical interpretation of Old Regime social groups' impact on the Revolution with the new revisionist view. |
|
Definition
OLD
clash between 2nd and 3rd estates
NEW
Both bourgeoisie and nobility had inner rivalries and a shared outlook in books and econ. |
|
|
Term
| In [mo, yr], Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette were arrested for trying to escape France. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| On what date did delegates and nobles abolish feudal rights in France, satisfying the peasants? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the results of the Battle of Austerlitz? (yr?) |
|
Definition
France gets Austrian land, reorganizes Germany and defeats the 3rd Coalition (Austria, Russia)
1805 |
|
|
Term
| Despite revolts against the CPS and a losing war effort by mid-1793, how were the French able to secure victory on all fronts by mid-1794? (3) |
|
Definition
1) Planned economy
2) Revolutionary terror
3) Modern nationalism |
|
|
Term
| In [mo, yr], the third estate declared itself the National Assembly and swore the Oath of the Tennis Court. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The second estate (nobles) owned __% of land and paid _____ taxes. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Under the new 1795 Directory Constitution, who voted for the legislative assembly? |
|
Definition
| propertied, indirect suffrage |
|
|
Term
| In the second estate, 2/3 of representatives were poor, provincial, and had _____ views and 1/3 had _____ views. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In what year did the Directory annul elections? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What was the desacralization of the French monarchy? Who was involved? |
|
Definition
People turning against monarchy for moral reasons. Govt loses legitimacy.
Mainly assoc with Louis XV's affairs with Madame Pompadour and Madame du Barry |
|
|
Term
| What were the results of the Treaties of Tilsit? (yr?) |
|
Definition
France gets Russian land and Duchy of Warsaw
Russia joins continental system (agrees to British trade embargo)
1807 |
|
|
Term
| How did the National Assembly use Enlightened ideas and innovation to reform administrative and economic policies? (3) |
|
Definition
1) 83 departments (no historical provinces)
2) Metric System- Sci Rev
3) No monopolies, guilds, associations- Smith's liberalism |
|
|
Term
| The first estate (clergy) owned __% of land in France and paid _____ taxes. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How did Napoleon strengthen the French bureaucracy? (3) |
|
Definition
1) recruiting ministers, mayors, and prefects (all inclusive except radicals)
2) Allowing old nobles to return in exchange for loyalty
3) New imperial nobility- reward generals, officials |
|
|
Term
| What Latin phrase is used to describe Napoleon's domestic policy? What does that mean? |
|
Definition
"Quid pro quo"- literally "this for that"
favors, rights and privileges in exchange for loyalty |
|
|
Term
| How did Napoleon heal the French religious divide? |
|
Definition
Negotiation with Pope Pius VIII
Concordat of 1801
Catholics can practice freely <--> French govt incr. infl. over Church, incr. power & profit |
|
|
Term
| Napoleon's Bank of France (1800) was established and run by ______, and appealed to _____, ______, and _____. |
|
Definition
leading Parisian bankers, regulated by state
State
Financial oligarchy
Peasantry (from land and status granted by Napoleon's econ. changes) |
|
|
Term
| Under Louis XVIII, during the Bourbon restoration, a _____ was set up with a _____ vote. |
|
Definition
Constitutional monarchy
Propertied |
|
|
Term
| Name some factors that led to the Revolution. |
|
Definition
MAIN FACTORS
-Old Regime ineffectiveness, inequality
-Political legitimacy crisis
-Financial crisis
OTHER REASONS
-Enlightenment influence
-Weakness of Louis XVI
-American Revolution |
|
|
Term
| In what year does Napoleon overthrow the Directory? What is his title? What is the government structure? |
|
Definition
1799
First consul
Republic in name, dictatorship in actuality |
|
|
Term
| In the 1789 Estates General, petitions showed a surprising deal of consensus. What were the demands put forth? (3) |
|
Definition
1) Demands for Constitutional monarchy w/ Estates General's required consent
2) Individual liberties
3) Looser econ. regulations |
|
|
Term
| What happened in Saint-Domingue in August 1791? How did the National Assembly respond? |
|
Definition
Massive slave insurrection
Ntl Assembly gives free coloreds even more rights |
|
|
Term
| What are the results of the Treaty of Luneville? (yr?) |
|
Definition
France gets Austrian land in Italy and land to the Rhine after defeating Austria
1801 |
|
|
Term
| How did Napoleon's Civil Code of [year] affect men (2) and women (2)? |
|
Definition
1804
MEN
1) Equality of all before law
2) Security of wealth, property
WOMEN
1) Lose rights: no contracts or bank accounts
2) Women are dependents of father/husband |
|
|
Term
| The executive branch of the Directory (1795-99) was comprised of a _____. |
|
Definition
| 5 man board elected by legislature |
|
|
Term
| In [month, year] the Estates General met for the first time since 1614. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How did the National Assembly radically reorganize religion? (5) |
|
Definition
1) Religious freedom to Jews, Protestants
2) Confiscates church property and uses it for a new currency (assignat)
3) No monasteries
4) National Church: priests chosen by voters (Civil Constitution of Clergy)
5) Required oath of Catholic clergy to government- only half take it |
|
|
Term
| Were the National Assembly's religious reforms successful? Why or why not? |
|
Definition
| No, it was a failure. It divided religious groups and sharpened conflict b/t educated classes & common people |
|
|
Term
| Who could vote for the National Assembly after July 1790? |
|
Definition
| Economic upper half of French males (limited/propertied suffrage) |
|
|
Term
| What was Napoleon's background? |
|
Definition
Impoverished Corsican noble
Military commander of France
-Italian victories 1796, 1797
-Egypt- defeated by reputation remained intact |
|
|
Term
| To keep order, Napoleon created a _____ with lack of free speech, harsh laws, and a spy system under _____. |
|
Definition
Police state
Joseph Fouche |
|
|
Term
| What were the results of the Treaty of Chaumont? (yr?) |
|
Definition
Austria, Prussia, Russia, Britain pledge to defeat Napoleon, which they do, and force Napoleon to abdicate. He is exiled to Elba.
1814 |
|
|
Term
| The chaos in Summer 1789 throughout the countryside was called the _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Following Louis XIV's reign, why did subsequent French monarchs lose power? |
|
Definition
| Duke of Orleans reinstates councils of state, restores parlements' right to veto laws (public review) --> increased power of robe nobles |
|
|
Term
| The French financial crisis, pre-Revolution, can mostly be attributed to the failure of the monarchs to do what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the results of the Battles of Jena and Auerstadt? (yr?) |
|
Definition
France defeats Prussia
1806 |
|
|
Term
| The first great revolt against France occurred in ______ in [year]. It signified _____. |
|
Definition
Spain (guerillas), 1808
France was becoming overextended, resistance to Napoleonic rule was growing |
|
|
Term
| What famous 1789 pamphlet, written by whom, argued that the third estate constituted the true strength of France? |
|
Definition
| Sieyes, "What is the Third Estate?" |
|
|
Term
| The rich members of France's third estate were called the _____ and some even purchased _____ to gain profit and social honor. |
|
Definition
| bourgeoisie, manorial rights |
|
|
Term
| In [month, year], the National Assembly disbanded, forming a new _____ assembly with a more _____ character than its predecessor. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In [mo, yr], the National Convention voted to continue the war against the _____, comprised of which nations? |
|
Definition
Feb. 1793
First Coalition
Austria, Prussia, Spain, Holland, Britain |
|
|
Term
| Why did Louis XVI's character make him an ineffective ruler? |
|
Definition
| He was indecisive and wanted to please everybody |
|
|
Term
| What work, by whom, was a manifesto going beyond the Declaration of Rights of Man to demand equal rights of women? |
|
Definition
| de Gouges, Decl. of Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen (1791) |
|
|
Term
| What were Napoleon's goals in Saint-Domingue? |
|
Definition
| Re-establish slavery to boost economic production |
|
|
Term
| The division in the National Convention of the Jacobins between the _____ and _____ became especially clear after _____. |
|
Definition
| Girondists, the Mountain, Conviction of Louis XVI of treason |
|
|
Term
| What was the compromise put forth by the National Assembly on the issues in Saint-Domingue in 1791? What were its results? |
|
Definition
| Free coloreds get political rights, angers white elite, leads to violence |
|
|
Term
| What are the results of the Treaty of Amiens? (yr?) |
|
Definition
Britain recognizes French conquests, increases Napoleon's popularity
1802 |
|
|
Term
| What English author, who wrote A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792), is considered an early feminist? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How was the Reign of Terror under Robespierre successful? (3) How was it controversial? (2) |
|
Definition
SUCCESS
-solidified home front
-prevented treason and uprisings
-not directed toward a single class
CONTROVERSY
-40,000 dead
-"replaced weak king w/ bloody dictatorship"-- possible betrayal of Revolutionary ideals |
|
|
Term
| In May 1796, which crucial military leader was named commander of Saint-Domingue? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why and how did the CPS attempt to execute a planned economy? (4) |
|
Definition
"Emergency socialism" because of demands of sans-culottes
1) Price controls
2) "bread of equality"
3) Planning of production: arms and munitions
4) Requisition of raw material and grain |
|
|
Term
| How did the new National Assembly's constitutional monarchy affect women? (2) |
|
Definition
1) Personal rights: divorce, property, financial support for illegitimate children
2) No political rights (Rousseau): stop corruption |
|
|
Term
| In July 1790, who raised an army and demanded political rights for free-coloreds in Saint-Domingue, but ultimately failed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| On August 27th, 1789, the National Assembly issued the _____, which stated "men are born and remain free and equal in rights." |
|
Definition
| Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen |
|
|
Term
| Which division of the National Convention was more liberal? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What kind of privileges did French nobles have pre-Revolution? (2) |
|
Definition
1) Manorial rights: everyday, "useful" privileges"
2) Honorific privileges (proclaimed legal superiority, exalted social position) |
|
|
Term
| What led to Robespierre's execution (July 27th, 1794)? |
|
Definition
-Robespierre executed angry men, incl. a radical social democratic leader Jacques Herbert, alienating the sans-culottes
-Robespierre executed Danton and other powerful collaborators- alienates radicals/moderates and scares them |
|
|
Term
| In [year], Louis XVI calls the Assembly of Notables-- what are the results of this assembly? |
|
Definition
1787
King's choice:
-New taxes and Provincial assembly control over spending OR
-King calls Estates General
King chooses to call Estates General |
|
|
Term
| Who was Rene de Maupeou and what did he do? |
|
Definition
Financial official hired by Louis XV- created Maupeou parlements unpopular to the nobles because they taxed them
Dismissed by Louis XVI |
|
|
Term
| The French Revolution had its immediate origins in the _____. Why? (3) |
|
Definition
Financial crisis
1) Debt, budget deficit: 50% to interest payments
2) Gov't too weak to upheave system
3) Few good solutions (currency = gold), no way to create credit |
|
|
Term
| After the French victory over the First Coalition, Robespierre and the CPS loosened _____ but extended ______. |
|
Definition
economic controls
Reign of Terror |
|
|
Term
| The Jacobin radicals, against the advice of _____ and a few other conservatives, declared war on ______ in [month, year]. Was this war successful? |
|
Definition
Robespierre
Austria, later Prussia
April 1792
No |
|
|
Term
| Napoleon proclaims himself _____ in 1804. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| On what date did the French commoners storm the Bastille in response to the economic crisis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What were the socio-racial divisions of Saint-Domingue in 1789? |
|
Definition
| Whites, free-coloreds, slaves |
|
|
Term
| What two events especially hurt the French economy in the 18th c.? |
|
Definition
War of Austrian Succession
Seven Years' War |
|
|
Term
| Who were the sans-culottes, what were their interests, and how did they impact the National Convention? |
|
Definition
Urban laborers
Economic interests
Supported the Mountain, who promised to uphold their demands- Girondist leaders arrested in June 1793 for treason w/ sans-culottes activists |
|
|
Term
| In 1810, Napoleon's Grand Empire had three parts. What were they? |
|
Definition
1) Core of France
-France, land to Rhine, W. Italy, Belgium, Holland
2) Satellite Kingdoms (Bonapartes on throne)
-Confed. of Rhine, Duchy of Warsaw, rest of Italy, Spain
3) Allies
-Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Prussia, Russia, Austria |
|
|
Term
| In spring 1793 Robespierre and other Mountain leaders created the Committee of ______, which the National Convention gave ______ to deal with the national emergency. |
|
Definition
Public Safety
dictatorial power |
|
|
Term
| How does the National Assembly anger most of the French colonists in 1789? |
|
Definition
-Refused to extend constitutional protections to colonies: each colony drafts its own constitution (angered slaves, free-coloreds)
-Reaffirmed French monopoly on colonial trade (angers planters) |
|
|
Term
| Napoleon's grave mistake was to invade _____. (yr?) The ______ was a draw, and ______ is considered one of the greatest military disasters in history. |
|
Definition
Russia, 1812
Battle of Borodino
Retreat from Moscow |
|
|
Term
| What do the Spanish and British do in 1793 to Saint-Domingue? How does the National Convention respond? |
|
Definition
Spanish- support the slaves and enlist them into army, British- blockade Saint-Domingue and begin to invade
NC abolishes slavery, 1794, to bribe slaves to fight for France. Slaves get full personal and political rights. |
|
|
Term
| Under _____, the former slaves of Haiti defeated the French under _____ in the War of Haitian Independence (1802-1803). |
|
Definition
Jean Jacques Dessalines
General Leclerc |
|
|
Term
| What problem any hope of reaching a consensus of the Estates General in 1789? |
|
Definition
| Who would vote, whether vote should be individual, houses sitting separately or together |
|
|
Term
| What happens in August and September 1792 in France? (2) |
|
Definition
Massacres, including capture of King at the Tuileries. Riots in cities against counter-revs continue in September Massacres.
-New National Convention elected by universal male suffrage, republic declared |
|
|
Term
| In the third estate, who voted for representatives in the new Estates General? What group was mostly elected? |
|
Definition
| All male commoners, 25+ years old. Most elected are bourgeoisie |
|
|
Term
| Why is French nationalism considered the most decisive factor in France's 1794 victory over the First Coalition? (4) |
|
Definition
1) Loyalty and patriotism
2) All-out mobilization of resources
3) Draft --> size of army (enemies outnumbered 4:1)
4) Good generals, mass assaults |
|
|
Term
| How was the Thermidorian Reaction (1794) more conservative? (3) |
|
Definition
1) No more price controls
2) Limit sans-culottes power, end of Jacobins, crush revolts with the army
3) Resurgence of Religion |
|
|
Term
| The War of Haitian Independence showed French limitations because ______. |
|
Definition
| it showed that they could not sacrifice economic interests to protect ideals of freedom and equality. |
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