Term
|
Definition
| Romanticism was an artistic, literary, and intellectual movement that originated in Europe toward the end of the 18th century and in most areas was at its peak in the approximate period from 1800 to 1850. |
|
|
Term
| Byron, Lord(George Gordon) |
|
Definition
| He was one of the leading figures of the Romantic Movement in early 19th century England. |
|
|
Term
| Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von |
|
Definition
| Born August 28, 1749. In 1773 he provided the Sturm und Drang movement with its first major drama, and in 1774 with its first novel, The Sorrows of Young Werther, in which he created the prototype of the Romantic hero |
|
|
Term
| Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich |
|
Definition
| Born on August 27, 1770. First published success was Phänomenologie des Geistes (The Phenomenology of Spirit) in 1807. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An implicit agreement among the members of a society to cooperate for social benefits, for example by sacrificing some individual freedom for state protection. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Charles Wesley was an English leader of the Methodist movement. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Born 26th February, 1845. Alexander became Tsar of Russia on the assassination of Alexander II in 1881. He became Tsar of Russia on the assassination of Alexander II in 1881. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The agreement (1867) that established the Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (1866) Also known as the Seven Weeks' War Resulted in a Prussian victory & Austria permanently excluded from German affairs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Chancellor of Prussia from 1862 until 1871, when he became chancellor of Germany. A conservative nationalist, he led Prussia to victory against Austria (1866) and France (1870) and was responsible for the creation of the German Empire (714) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Is the title of a speech by German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck given in 1862 about the unification of the German territories. It is also a transposed phrase that Bismarck uttered near the end of the speech that has become one of his most widely known quotations. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Camillo Benso is also known as Count of Cavour, or simply Cavour. He was the first Prime Minister of Italy. His biography states that he was born in August 10, 1810 in Turin Italy. He was the second son of the 4th Marquess of Cavour. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A war in Crimea between Russia and a group of nations including England and France and Turkey and Sardinia; 1853-1856 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a war of 1864 between Prussia and Denmark by which Denmark lost Schleswig-Holstein. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (21 December 1804 – 19 April 1881) was a British Conservative politician, writer, aristocrat and dandy who twice served as Prime Minister. He played a central role in the creation of the modern Conservative Party, defining its policies and its broad outreach. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| was a political scandal that divided France from the affair's inception in 1894 until its resolution in 1906. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| occurs when two separate kingdoms are ruled by the same monarch, follow the same foreign policy, exist in a customs union with each other and have a combined military but are otherwise self-governing. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a war between France and Prussia that ended the Second Empire in France and led to the founding of modern Germany; 1870-1871 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (1807-1882): Italian revolutionary, led the Expedition of the Thousand which brought down the semi-feudal regime of Sicily and Naples in 1860 and contributed decisively to Italian unification. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Organization of 39 German states, established by the Congress of Vienna in 1815 to replace the destroyed Holy Roman Empire. It was a loose political association, formed for mutual defense, with no central executive or judiciary. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A phrase used mainly by members of the British ruling classes from the early 19th century until the 1920s. It was used to describe Irish nationalism and the calls for Irish independence. |
|
|
Term
| North German Confederation |
|
Definition
| a federation of 22 independent states of northern Germany, with nearly 30 million inhabitants. It was the first modern German nation state and the basis for the later German Empire (1870–71), when several south German states such as Bavaria joined. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| or Red coats is the name given to the volunteers who followed Giuseppe Garibaldi in southern Italy during his Mille expedition to southern Italy, but sometimes extended to other campaigns of his. The name derived from the colour of their shirts. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the lower house of the parliament during the period of the Second Reich and the Weimar Republic. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| of, relating to, or characteristic of a style (as of furniture) developed in France under Napoleon III and marked by heavy ornate modification of Empire styles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the republican regime in France between the fall of Napoleon III in 1870 and the German occupation of 1940. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| was a peace treaty signed in Frankfurt on 10 May 1871, at the end of the Franco-Prussian War. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the doctrine that actions are right if they are useful or for the benefit of a majority. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1820-1878.
Italian king (1861-1878). He completed the unification of Italy by acquiring Venice (1866) and Rome (1870). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a political society in Italy advocating the unification of Italy, founded by Mazzini in 1831 to replace the Carbonari. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (1840-1902)Major French realist novelist of second half of 19th century, sentenced to prison for defending Dreyfus. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (in the 19th century) a union of German states for the maintenance of a uniform tariff on imports from other countries, and of free trading among themselves |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a political theory holding all forms of governmental authority to be unnecessary and undesirable and advocating a society based on voluntary cooperation and free association of individuals and groups |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an organization founded in 1839 by Richard Cobden and John Bright to oppose the Corn Laws, which were repealed in 1846 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| English philosopher and jurist; founder of utilitarianism (1748-1831) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Journalist who advocated the right to work, thought governments should guarantee employment. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the principles and practices of a body of 19th century English political reformers advocating better social and industrial conditions for the working classes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| refers to work done by a group of economists in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. They developed theories about the way markets and market economies work. The study was primarily concerned with the dynamics of economic growth. It stressed economic freedom and promoted ideas such as laissez-faire and free competition. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a system or school of economic thought developed by Adam Smith, Jeremy Bentham, Thomas Malthus, and David Ricardo, advocating minimum governmental intervention, free enterprise, and free trade, considering labor the source of wealth and dealing with problems concerning overpopulation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| One of a series of British laws in force before 1846 regulating the grain trade and restricting imports of grain. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (1772-1837): main French utopian socialist |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| May 1848-June 1849. German national parliament that tried and failed to create a united German state during the 1848 revolutions. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(1795-1861)
King of Prussia (1840-1861) who crushed the Revolution of 1848 and refused the crown of a united Germany offered to him by the Frankfurt Parliament (1849). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (1807-1882): Italian revolutionary, led the Expedition of the Thousand which brought down the semi-feudal regime of Sicily and Naples in 1860 and contributed decisively to Italian unification. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A famine in Ireland in the nineteenth century caused by the failure of successive potato crops in the 1840s. Many in Ireland starved, and many emigrated |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a proposed law of economics that asserts that real wages always tend, in the long run, toward the minimum wage necessary to sustain the life of the worker. The theory was first named by Ferdinand Lassalle in the mid-nineteenth century. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Period in France (1830-1848) where the bourgeoisie class was dominant and King Louis-Philippe was at the head of a constitutional monarchy. The monarchy eventually became too rigid and unwilling to change and was overthrown. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the theory or system of government that upholds the autonomous character of the economic order, believing that government should intervene as little as possible in the direction of economic affairs. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Napoleon's nephew. He was elected president after Louis Philip reign, and his era was known as the Second Republic until he named himself emperor Napoleon III during the 2nd Empire of France. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (1773 – 1850) was King of the French from 1830 to 1848 in what was known as the July Monarchy. His father was a duke who supported the Revolution of 1789 but was nevertheless guillotined during the Reign of Terror. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a member of any of the bands of English workers who destroyed machinery, esp. in cotton and woolen mills, that they believed was threatening their jobs (1811–16). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Magyar liberals who wanted their aristocratic liberties guaranteed against the central government of Vienna; also led to the proposed "Magyarzation" of other eastern European ethnic groups by means of nationalism to create an independent Hungarian state within the Hapsburg domains. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A German scholar of the nineteenth century; the founder of Marxism, the fundamental theory of communism. Much of his work, including Das Kapital and The Communist Manifesto, was done with Friedrich Engels. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (1805-1872) Explains his understanding of nationalism in "Mazzini Defines Nationality." He combines a generally democratic view of politics with a religious concept of the divine destiny of nations. Mazzini says the essential characteristics of a nationality are common ideas, common principles, and common purpose. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An 18th-century British philosopher and economist famous for his ideas about population growth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a historic town on the Wabash River in Harmony Township, Posey County, Indiana, United States. It lies 15 miles (24 km) north of Mount Vernon, the county seat. The population was 789 at the 2010 census. It is part of the Evansville metropolitan area. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a village on the River Clyde, approximately 1.4 miles (2.2 kilometres) from Lanark, in South Lanarkshire, and some 40 km southeast of Glasgow, Scotland. It was founded in 1786 by David Dale, who built cotton mills and housing for the mill workers. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a Welsh social reformer and one of the founders of utopian socialism and the cooperative movement. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| French socialist who argued that property is theft (1809-1865) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Liberal and nationalist rebellions that broke out in 1848 in several European nations, including Germany, Austria, France, Italy, and Belgium. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| English economist who argued that the laws of supply and demand should operate in a free market (1772-1823) |
|
|
Term
| Saint-Simon, Count Claude Henri de |
|
Definition
| Believed that modern society would require rational management, basically wanted a board of directors for the economy. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Scottish economist who advocated private enterprise and free trade (1723-1790) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a political and economic theory of social organization that advocates that the means of production, distribution, and exchange should be owned or regulated by the community as a whole. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| socialism achieved by the moral persuasion of capitalists to surrender the means of production peacefully to the people. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a union of German states for the maintenance of a uniform tariff on imports from other countries, and of free trading among themselves. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in 1707, officially joined England and Scotland as one kingdom, called Great Britain, ruled by the parliament in London and in 1800, added Ireland to this group of countries, which was then called the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| any of certain associations of students formed to promote patriotism, Christian conduct, and liberal ideas but now primarily social fraternities. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| resolutions adopted by the ministers of nine German states at a meeting called at Carlsbad in 1819 by Prince Metternich: aim was the suppression of revolutionary activities especially in the universities. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (1757-1836) King of France (1824–30). Fifth son of the dauphin Louis, and grandson of Louis XV, until 1824 he was known as Charles-Philippe, count d'Artois. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| was the balance of power that existed in Europe from the end of the Napoleonic Wars (1815) to the outbreak of World War I (1914). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (December 1825) Unsuccessful uprising by Russian revolutionaries. Following the death of Alexander I, a group of liberal members of the upper classes and military officers staged a rebellion in an effort to prevent the accession of Nicholas I. The poorly organized revolt was easily suppressed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (1770 – 1840) was king of Prussia from 1797 to 1840. He ruled Prussia during the difficult times of the Napoleonic wars and the end of the old German Empire. |
|
|
Term
| German Confederation of States |
|
Definition
| union of German states provided for at the Congress of Vienna to replace the old Holy Roman Empire, which had been destroyed during the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars. It comprised 39 states in all, 35 monarchies and 4 free cities. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an Act of Parliament that introduced wide-ranging changes to the electoral system of England and Wales. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the Greeks rebelled against Turkish rule in 1821; with the support of England and France and Russia they won independence in 1828 at Navarino. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (1791–1804) was a slave revolt in the French colony of Saint-Domingue, which culminated in the elimination of slavery there and the founding of the Republic of Haiti. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The July Revolution(also called the Revolution of 1830) saw the overthrow of Charles X and the ascension of Louis Philippe to the French throne. The July Revolution is important because it marked the transition of power from the House of Bourbon to the House of Orleans. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a political philosophy or worldview founded on ideas of liberty and equality. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (1773 – 1850) was King of the French from 1830 to 1848 in what was known as the July Monarchy. His father was a duke who supported the Revolution of 1789 but was nevertheless guillotined during the Reign of Terror. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (1755-1824)Was a monarch of the House of Bourbon who ruled as King of France and Navarre from 1814 to 1824 except for a period in 1815 known as the Hundred Days. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a policy of the United States introduced on December 2, 1823. It stated that further efforts by European nations to colonize land or interfere with states in North or South America would be viewed as acts of aggression, requiring U.S. intervention. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| czar of Russia from 1825 to 1855 who led Russia into the Crimean War (1796-1855) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1788–1850, British political leader: founder of the London constabulary; prime minister 1834–35 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| occurred at St Peter's Field, Manchester, England, on 16 August 1819, when cavalry charged into a crowd of 60,000–80,000 that had gathered to demand the reform of parliamentary representation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a borough that was able to elect a representative to Parliament though having very few voters, the choice of representative typically being in the hands of one person or family. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1743--1803, Haitian revolutionary leader. He was made governor of the island by the French Revolutionary government (1794) and expelled the Spanish and British but when Napoleon I proclaimed the re-establishment of slavery he was arrested. He died in prison in France |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The Dutch Republic—officially known as the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands, or the Republic of the Seven United Provinces —was a republic in Europe existing from 1581, when part of the Netherlands separated from Spanish rule, to 1795 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a member or supporter of a British political group of the 18th and early 19th centuries that wanted to decrease royal power and to increase the power of the British Parliament |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Alliance of church and state; Structured corporative society; State management of economy. Gradual disappearance from European political
discourse. |
|
|
Term
| Constitutional Monarchism |
|
Definition
| Constitutional laws limiting monarchy; Elective legislatures with restricted suffrage. Gradual compromise with new elite. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Defense of monarchy against republicanism; Defense of est. religion; Defense of traditional social stratification; Defense of land-based economy; Opposition to democratic revolution. Gradual acceptance of liberal political reforms. Gradual acceptance of economic liberalism. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Independence of nationalities from foreign rule, by revolution as needed.
Gradually replaced by realism as dominant cultural theme. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Unification of states and territories of the same nationality; Initial alliance with liberalism and radicalism; Economic policies to help the nation, including tariffs. Gradual shift from alliance with liberalism to conservatism. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Economic liberalism; Free trade among nations: no tariffs; Weak noninterventionist state; Minimal state welfare or regulation; Freedom of individuals to act (laissez faire). Gradually known as capitalism. Gradual adoption as conservative economics. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Political liberalism; Constitutional restriction of state; Legislative power in representative government; Bill of rights guarantee of individual rights. Gradual adoption of agenda of radicalism and some socialism, leaving name “classical liberalism” for original ideas. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Support of political freedoms of liberalism; Universal suffrage democracy; Republican government; Equality in politics and society; Separation of church and state: secularism. Gradual absorption into liberalism and evolutionary socialism. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Inclusion of women in liberal and radical agenda; Expansion of social agenda of “-isms” such as education; Alliance with differing groups supporting women. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Early criticism of industrial society; Emphasis on greater economic equality. Early disappearance from discourse. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Acceptance of liberal-democratic political institutions; Support of strong state to aid and protect the weak; Program of social and economic equality; Early support of feminism. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A political-economic theory based on the writings of Karl Marx (1818-1883) that offers a critique of capitalism. It presents a vision of social change and society liberated from capitalist exploitation through a communist revolution. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Abolition of the state and private property. |
|
|
