Term
| The term "Renaissance" was first used by art historian _____. It means _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| The first artistic and literary manifestations of the Renaissance appeared in which city? |
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Definition
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Term
| How was Florence such a wealthy city in the 14th century despite geographic constraints? |
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Definition
| Wool, banking (profits returned to urban industry) |
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Term
| The merger of the _____ and the _____ created new powerful oligarchies in 14th c. Italy. |
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Definition
Feudal nobility
Commercial elite |
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Term
| Who were the popolo and what was their condition in 14th c. Italy? |
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Definition
Common people
Harshly taxed and excluded- led to violent revolts |
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Term
| Merchant oligarchies sometimes brought in _____, or military leaders, to put down popolo revolts. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| City-states where one man ruled and passed his position down to his son |
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Term
| Were any Italian city-states true republics? Explain. |
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Definition
| No, they were republics in name but oligarchies in actuality |
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Term
| Signori and oligarches displayed wealth and power by transforming their households into _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| In the 15th c., which five Italian powers dominated the Italian peninsula? |
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Definition
Venice
Milan
Florence
Papal States
Naples |
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Term
| Venice was ruled by a _____ in the 15th c. |
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Definition
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Term
| Milan was ruled by _____ in the 15th c. |
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Definition
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Term
| Florence was ruled by _____ in the 15th c. |
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Definition
| Medici family: Cosimo, then Lorenzo |
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Term
| The Papal States were united in the 15th c. by _____, the hero of which work? |
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Definition
Cesare Borgia
Machiavelli, The Prince |
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Term
| Why didn't the Italian city-states unify? (2) |
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Definition
1) Local feeling and political loyalty
2) Balance of power |
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Term
| How did Renaissance Italians "invent" modern diplomacy? |
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Definition
| Established permanent embassies for resident ambassadors |
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Term
| Who was Girolamo Savonarola? |
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Definition
| Religious critic executed in Florence, showed commoners did not share interests of elite, also showed political instability of Florence |
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Term
| In 1494, Florence and Naples attacked Milan, and Milan called on ______ for support. |
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Definition
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Term
| Why was Italy a target for invasion at the end of the 15th c.? |
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Definition
| Imperialistic ambitions at others states' expense, failure to unify |
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Term
| In 1521, Italy became the battleground for the _____ between _____ and _____. |
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Definition
Habsburg-Valois Wars
France
Holy Roman Empire |
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Term
| The _____ in 1527 showed Italy's decline due to warfare. |
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Definition
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Term
| Renaissance humanism is rooted in _____. |
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Definition
| the Classics- Greece and Rome |
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Term
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Definition
| 14th c. Italian Humanist- studied Classics and stressed their study as a way to begin a new forward moving era. |
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Term
| Both Medieval and Renaissance writers viewed humanity from a strong _____ perspective. |
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Definition
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Term
| Who said "serve the state" and is associated with civic humanism? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who wrote On the Dignity of Man (1486)? What were its ideas? |
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Definition
Giovanni Pico della Mirandola
Universe is between beasts and angels, no limits to what man can accomplish |
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Term
| Who said "men can do all things if they will?" |
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Definition
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Term
| In Florence, the _____ believed in a hierarchy of substances and a great chain of being. |
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Definition
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Term
| Humanists believed the purpose of education was ______. |
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Definition
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Term
| What were the humanist attitudes towards the education of women? |
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Definition
Exclusion from public sphere
Only purposes: household work, decorative
Formal education (like males) not necessary, only household education |
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Term
| Who wrote The Courtier (1528)? What are its ideas? |
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Definition
Baldassare Castiglione
A way to become a gentleman
-broad academic background
-familiarity with arts
Women- should also be well-educated, in addition beauty, delicacy, etc. should be stressed |
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Term
| What does Machiavelli believe to be the measure of good government? Why? |
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Definition
Power and longevity
Humans are immoral, social order cannot be established |
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Term
| What is the basic idea of secularism? |
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Definition
| Material world over spiritual |
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Term
| Why did secularism develop during the Renaissance? |
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Definition
| Increased wealth = higher standard of living |
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Term
| Who wrote On Pleasure? What are its ideas? |
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Definition
| Lorenzo Valla- pleasure of senses is highest good |
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Term
| Who wrote On the False Donation of Constantine (1444)? What does it show? |
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Definition
Lorenzo Valla
A document giving papal jurisdiction over W European territory was a forgery |
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Term
| Who wrote the secular fictitious work, The Decameron (1350-53)? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who was the corrupt Renaissance pope who said "let us enjoy the Papacy since God has given it to us?" |
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Definition
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Term
| How did northern Italian cities grow economically in the period leading to the Renaissance? (3) |
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Definition
Venice, Genoa, Milan:
1) overseas trade w/ Middle East and Northern Europe
2) Shipbuilding
3) Crusades |
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Term
| To what extent were Italian humanists "secular?" |
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Definition
Anti-ascetic but NOT agnostics or skeptics
Interest in secular ideas but still strongly religious |
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Term
| Christian humanists were from _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| What were the principles of Northern humanism? (4) |
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Definition
1) Ethical way of life
2) Combine classical and Christian culture
3) Reason > dogma
4) Reform |
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Term
| How did More's family serve as a model of Christian humanism? |
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Definition
Christian family life
Daughters trained in Latin and Greek |
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Term
| Who wrote Utopia (1516)? What are its ideas? |
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Definition
Thomas More
Absolute social equality, live by reason, society not individual = cause of corruption |
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Term
| Who was Erasmus and what were his intellectual goals? |
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Definition
Dutch Christian humanist
Apply humanist principles --> study of Bible |
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Term
| Who wrote The Education of a Christian Prince (1504)? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who wrote The Praise of Folly (1509)? |
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Definition
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Term
| What two themes are present in all of Erasmus's works? |
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Definition
1) Core of education = Bible + Classics
2) "Philosophy of Christ"- Christianity is an inner attitude of the heart and spirit |
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Term
| The printing press with movable metal type was developed in _____ in the mid-15th c. by _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| What were the biggest impacts of the printing press? (3) |
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Definition
1) Faster spread of ideas
2) Individuals and literacy- convenience and affordability
3) Governments and church: official doctrines, failed censorship |
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Term
| Who mainly sponsored Renaissance art? |
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Definition
Early 15th c.- corporate groups
Late 15th c.- individuals and oligarchs (patrons) |
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Term
| How did a new urban culture contribute to new art? |
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Definition
Role of urban palace, more $ spent on decoration, display of wealth
No more need for warfare spending |
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Term
| How did 15th and 18th c. definitions of race differ? |
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Definition
15th c.- language, traditions, customs, or even characteristics of intelligence and family lines
18th c. - skin color and geography |
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Term
| What country began the importing of black slaves into Europe in the 15th c.? |
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Definition
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Term
| How did 15th c. Europeans view blacks? |
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Definition
Mixed views (majority: negative)
Exotic and marvelous, well-sought for labor
But people had negative religious views towards "blackness" |
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Term
| What kinds of labor did blacks do in the 15th c.? |
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Definition
| Huge variety of skilled and unskilled labor |
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Term
| How did the medieval definition of social class differ from the Renaissance definition? |
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Definition
Renaissance: development of a "hierarchy of wealth" = more class mobility (medieval class determined by function)
Both: hierarchy of orders- noble families still powerful |
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Term
| In the Renaissance, where was class structure most rapidly changing? |
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Definition
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Term
| What were sumptuary laws? |
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Definition
| Urban dress codes that create easily visible distinctions b/t social groups |
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Term
| What were the two main topics in the 15th/16th c. "debate about women?" |
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Definition
1) Natural hierarchy: are women secondary to me? Should women have to stay at home?
2) Female rulers: acceptable? |
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Term
| In the 15th/16th c., a "true" man, to gain respect and political/social rights, had to be _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| Of race, class, and gender, during the Renaissance, which was the most important to defend? |
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Definition
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Term
| What were common goals of Renaissance monarchs? (3) |
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Definition
1) Maintain order
2) Control nobles
3) Establish institutions |
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Term
| French monarchs between 1422 and 1589 belonged to the _____ dynasty. |
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Definition
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Term
| What were achievements of Charles VII(r. 1422-1461)? (5) |
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Definition
1) Ended civil war
2) New Royal Council
3) Taxes: gabelle (salt tax), taille (land tax)
4) First permanent royal army
5) Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges- gave French crown power over Church = more power |
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Term
| What were Louis XI's (r. 1461-1483) nickname? What are his accomplishment? (4) |
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Definition
"Spider King"
1) New industries: silk
2) Trade revenues --> army
3) Curbs power of nobles
4) Gains territory- Anjou, Burgundy |
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Term
| The marriage of Louis XII and _____ adds territory to France. |
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Definition
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Term
| In 1516, Francis I sign the Concordat of Bologna, which does what? |
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Definition
Rescinds Pragmatic Sanction
France gets to choose bishops and abbots = control of the church |
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Term
| What were challenges for English monarchy in the 15th c.? (2) |
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Definition
1) Powerful nobles in Parliament
2) Wars of the Roses- hurt econ. |
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Term
| Henry VII was from the _____ dynasty. What were his achievements? |
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Definition
Tudor
1) No wars
2) Royal council: middle class
-exec., legis., judic.
3) Star Chamber- Roman-style law court
4) Justices of the Peace- unpaid local governors
5) Cloth industry and merchant marine |
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Term
| What were challenges the Spanish monarchs faced in the 15th c.? (2) |
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Definition
1) Religious and cultural diversity (no common culture)
2) Loose confederation of otherwise independent states |
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Term
| What were achievements of Ferdinand and Isabella (r. 1474-1516)? (5) |
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Definition
1) Dynastic Union- common for. policy
2) Hermandades- medieval groups that served as violent local police forces
3) Royal Council- middle-class backgrounds
4) National Church (Catholic) --> Inquisition
5) Reconquista- gains Granada from Arabs in S. Spain, 1492 |
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Term
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Definition
Jews (or Muslims) forced to convert to Christianity
they often found success |
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Term
| What was the new anti-Semitism emerging in 15th/16th c. Spain? |
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Definition
Status as a Jew was "in their blood"
Resentment of Jews --> national feelings |
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Term
| What was the primary purpose of the Spanish Inquisition? |
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Definition
| Politically unifying tool |
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Term
| In the 16th c., through marriage, Spain became part of the _____ realm. What was the result of this by 1580? |
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Definition
Habsburg
Spain was politically united but administered in separate kingdoms |
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