universal genius but isolated- ideas not transmitted

artist, engineer, and scientific thinker

obtained an acurate knowledge of the human anatomy 

the belief that no certain knowledge could be reached

a constantly doubting frame of mind 

a French essayist whose attitude expressed skepticism.

he always asked "what do i know" and then responded with "nothing." 

astrologers could tell the future

belief in witches

charlatans- people who mixed magic and science 

a british philosopher of science.

wrote Instauratio Magna calling for a complete new start in science and civilization

wrote Novum Organum in which he insisted on the use of inductive reasoning

one of the leading philosophers of empiricism- the founding of knowledge based on observation and experience 

wrote New Atlantis portraying a scientific utopia 

writted by bacon

means "great renewal" 

called for a complete new start in science and civilization

composed of 2 parts:

1) Novum Organum- the new method of aquiring knowledge (inductive) 

2) The Advancement of Learning- true knowledge was useful knowledge

to arrive at knowledge based on observed facts

from the concrete to the abstract

from the particular to the general 

the founding of knowledge on observation or experience

bacon was a leading philosopher of empiricism 

written by Bacon

The Advancement of Learning- Bacon insisted that true knowledge was useful knowledge

New Atlantis- portrayed a scientific utopia whose inhabitants enjoyed a perfect society through their knowledge and command of nature 

mathematician

founder of co-ordinate geometry

believed that nature could be reduced to mathematical form

wrote the Discourse on Method-advanced the principle of systematic doubt

cogito ergo sum - i think therefore i exist

Cartisian Dualism

anatomy- Vesalius wrote The Structure of the Human Body which renewed and modernized the study of anatomy

physiology- William Harvey wrote On the Movement of the Heart and Blood which set forth the doctrine of the vontinual circulation of blood through arteries and veins

Copernicus- wrote On Revoltutions of the Heavenly Orbs. believed that the sun was the center of the universe and the earth revolved around it.

Kepler-carried the Copernican theory even further by discovering that the orbits of the planets were ellipses. Kepler's Laws of Planetary Motion

wrote Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy

Law of Universal Gravitation

Newton

showed that all motion could be timed and measured and could be described by the same mathematical formulas. all matter moved as if every particle attracted every other particle with a force (universal gravitation)

Blaise Pascal

the old feeling of dependency on divine powers and judgements lost much of its force

led to the secularizing of European society

spokesman for skepticism

influenced by the scientific discoveries

wrote Thoughts on the Comet and the Histroical and Critical Dictionary which stated that what is often called truth is often mere opinion.

Scholars who set to work to assemble what historical evidence there really was

Mabillon- wrote On Diplomatics, established the science of paleography which deals with dating reading and authenticating manuscripts

DuCange- published a dictionary of Medieval Latin

Muratori- spent his lifetime exploring archieves, collecting, editing, or publishing masses of documents

French priest who wrote Critical Histroy of the Old Testament. it was biblical criticism which stated that the catholic faith was more dependent on church tradition than on the literal statements of the bible

an english man who ws educated in medicine. lived in the netherlands for some years for political reasons.

wrote a Letter on Toleration- religious tolerance

wrote Reasonableness of Christianity- argued that christianity is a reasonable religion

Essay Concerning the Human Understanding- addressed the problem of Knowledge