Details Title: AP Chem Finals Vocabulary Description: Uh Oh Total Flash Cards: 74 Created: 05/15/2006 13:15:59		New Users: To study from this flashcard set, or to create your own your own study flash cards, REGISTER HERE. Existing Users: CLICK HERE. Additional Chemistry Flashcards
Cards in this set: Term Electronic Structure Definition The arrangement of electrons of an atom or molecule Term Electronic Structure Definition the arrangement of electrons of an atom or molecule Term Electromagnetic radiation Definition a form of energy that has wave characteristics and that propagates through a vacuum at speed of light Term wavelength Definition the distance betwenn identical points on successive waves. Term frequency Definition the number of times per second that one complete wavelength passes a given point Term quantum Definition the smallest increment of radiant energy that may be absorbed or emitted; the magnitude of radiant energy is hv Term photon Definition the smallest increment of radiant energy; a photon of light with frequency v has an energy equal to hv Term spectrum Definition the distribution among various wavelengths of the radiant energy emitted or absorbed by an object Term continous spectrum Definition A spectrum that contains radiation distributed over all wavelengths Term line spectrum Definition A spectrum that contains radiation at only certain specific wavelengths. Term groud state Definition "the lowest energy, or most stable, state" Term excited state Definition a higher energy state than the ground state Term matter waves Definition the term used to describe the wave characteristics Term chemical bonds Definition a strong attractive force that exists between two atoms Term ionic bond Definition a bond between oppositely charged ions. Term covalent bond Definition a bond formed between two or more atoms by a sharing of electrons Term lewis symbol Definition the chemical symbol for an element with a dot for each valence electron Term octet rule Definition a rule stating that bonded atoms tend to possess or share a total of eight valece shell electrons Term lattice energy Definition the energy required to separate ompletely the ions in an ionic solid Term hess's law Definition "The heat evolved in a given process can be expressed as the sum of the heats of several processes that, when added, yild the process of interest" Term isoelectronic series Definition "a series of atoms, ions, or molecules having the same number of electrons" Term single bond Definition a covalent bond involving one electron pair Term double bond Definition a covalent bond involving two electron pair Term triple bond Definition a covalent bond involving three electron pairs Term multiple bonding Definition bonding involving two or more electron pairs Term nonpolar covalent Definition a covalent bond in which the electrons are shared equally Term polar covalent Definition a covalent bond in which the electrons are not shared equally Term electronegativity Definition a measure of the ability of an atom that is bonded to another atom to attract electrons to itself Term polar molecule Definition a molecule that possesses a nonzero dipole moment Term dipole Definition a molecule with one end having a slight begative harge and the other end having a slight positive charege; a polar molecule Term resonance structures Definition "two lewis structures are equally good descriptions of a single molecule, they are averaged to give correct description of the real moleule" Term bond enthalpy Definition the enthalpy charge required to break a particular bond when the substance is in the gas phase Term conjugate base Definition a substance formed by the loss of a proton from a bronsted lowry acid Term conjugate acid Definition a substance formed by the addition of a proton from a bronsted lowry acid Term conjugate acid base pair Definition an acid and a base that difer only in the presence or absence of a proton Term amines Definition "a compound that has the general formula R3N, where r may be h or a hydrocarbon group" Term polyprotic acids Definition a substance capable of ionizing more than one proton in water. Term base dissociation constant Definition "an equilibrium constant that expresses the extent to which a base reacts with solvent water, accepting a proton and forming OH-" Term hydronium ion Definition the predominant form of the proton in aqueous solution Term amphoteric substance Definition capable of behaving as either an acid or a base Term vapors Definition gaseous state of any substance that normally exists as a liquid or solid Term presure Definition "a measure of the force exerted on a unit area. Often expressed in units of atmospheres, atm, or torr:760torr is 1 atm. Si is expressed in pascals, pa" Term pascal Definition The SI unit of pressure 1 pa = n/m(squared) Term torr Definition A unit of pressure 1torr=1mm Hg Term ideal gas Definition "a hypothetical gas whose pressure, volume, and temperature behavior is completely described by the ideal gas equation" Term gas constant Definition ® the constant of proportionality in the ideal gas equation. Term STP Definition Defined as 0 celcius and 1 atm pressure; frequently used as reference conditions for a gas Term Partial pressures Definition the pressure exerted by a particular gas in a mixture Term kinetic molecular theory Definition "a set of assumptions about the nature of gases. These assumptions, when translated into mathmatical form, yield the ideal gas equation." Term solvation Definition the clustering of solvent molecules around a solut particle Term hydration Definition solvation when the solvent is water Term crystallization Definition the process in which a dissolved solute comes out of solution and forms a crystalline solid Term saturated Definition a solution in which undissolved solute and dissoved solute are in equilibrium Term solubility Definition the amount of a substance that dissolves in a given quantity of solvent at a given temperature to form a saturated solution Term unsaturated Definition solutions containing less solute than a saturated solution Term supersaturated Definition solutions containg more solute than a saturated solutions Term miscible Definition liquids that mix in all proportions Term immiscible Definition liquids that do not mix Term Henry's law Definition a law stating that the concentration of a gas in a solution is proportional to the pressure of gas over the solution Term mass percentage Definition the number of grams of solute in each 100g of solution Term parts per million Definition the concentration of a solution in grams of solute per million grams os solution; equals milligrams of solute per liter of solutoin for aqueous solutions Term parts per billion Definition the concentration of a solution in grams of solute per billion grams os solution; equals milligrams of solute per liter of solutoin for aqueous solutions Term molality Definition the concentration of a solution expressed as moles of solute per kilogram of solvent; m Term Raoult's law Definition a law stating that the partial pressure of a solvent over a solution is given by the vapor pressure of the pure solvent times the mole praction of a solvent in the solution Term Ideal solution Definition a solution that obeys raoults law Term molal boiling-point-elevation constant Definition a constant characteristic of a particular solvent that gives the change in boiling point as a function of solution molality Term molal freezing-point-point-depression constant Definition a constant characteristic of a particular solvent that gives the change in freezing point as a function of solution molality Term osmosis Definition the net movement of solvent through a semipermeable membrane toward the solution with greater solute concentration Term osmotic pressure Definition the pressure ethat must be applied to a solution to stop osmosis from pure solvent into the solution Term colloidal dispersions/colloids Definition mixtures containing particles larger than normal solutes but small enough to remanin suspended in the dispersing medium Term hydrophilic Definition water loving Term hydrophobic Definition water fearing Term tyndall effect Definition the scattering of a beam of visible light by the particles in a colloidal dispersion Term colligative properties Definition those properties of a solvent that depend on the total conentration of solute particles present