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| each chromosome and its attached copy |
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| type of structural protein that helps organize and condense eukaryotic chromosomes and control access to genes during interphase |
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| smallest unit of structural organization in eukaryotic chromosome |
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| a center where bipolar spindle of microtubules originate in a eukaryotic chromosome |
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| series of events from one cell division to the next; mitosis, cytoplasmic division, and interphase constitute one turn of a cycle |
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| the cell increases mass (G1), roughly doubles the number of components in its cytoplasm (G1), and duplicates DNA(S) before it gets ready for division (G2); for most cells, it is the longest portion of the cell cycle |
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| sum of all the chromosomes in cells of a given type |
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| 2n of chromosomes; there are 2 types of each = 1 pair |
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| microtubules that grow or shrink as tubulin subunits are added to or lost from their ends, extending from both spindle poles |
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| propase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase |
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| 1st stage of mitosis; all of the duplicated chromosomes in a cell condense and get attached to a newly forming spindle |
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| 2nd stage of mitosis; all duplicated chromosomes are aligned midway between the spindle poles |
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| 3rd stage of mitosis; nuclear division state where sister chromatids of each chromosome are separated from each other and moved to opposite spindle poles by motor proteins attached to each chromatid's kinetochore |
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| 4th stage of mitosis; the stage when chromosomes typically decondense into threadlike structures and two daughter nuclei form |
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| after cytoplasmic division, there are two daughter cells, each as a diploid and its nucleus has two of each type of chromosome, just like the parent cell |
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| contractile ring mechanism |
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Definition
| mechanism of cytoplasmic division of animal cells; just beneath the plasma membrane, a thin band of contractile filaments around the cell midsection contracts and pinches the cytoplasm in two |
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| the mechanism of cytoplasmic division in plant cells; after nuclear division, vesicles derived from Golgi bodies deposit the material for a cross-wall that cuts through the cytoplasm and connects tot he parent cell wall |
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| a class of enzymes that can activate other molecules by transferring a phosphate group from them |
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| the checkpoint proteins that promote transcription of genes that have roles in the body's growth |
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| the cell's continuity of dividing descendants, forming an abnormal mass in the surrounding tissue |
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| abnormal masses of cells that lost controls over how they grow and divide |
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| abnormally growing and dividing cells of a malignant neoplasm; they distrupt surrounding tissues both physically and metabolically; they abnormally grow and divide, the cytoplasm is grossly altered, have a weakened capacity for adhesion, and may have lethal effects |
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| nuclear division mechanism that occurs in somatic cells (body cells) of multicelled eukaryotes and single-celled (AKA asexual reproduction); in increases in body size during grown, replaces dead/worn-out cells, and repairs damaged tissues |
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Definition
| in single-celled and mulicelled eukaryotes, the basis of sexual reproduction; precedes game formation or spor formation |
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