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Definition
| A diffuse network of cells that conducts impulses in all directions from the area stimulated, forming a primitive nervous system in ctenophores, coelenterates, and certain other organisms |
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Definition
| A group of nerve cells forming a nerve center, especially one located outside the brain or spinal cord; A center of power, activity, or energy |
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| A whitish fiber or bundle of fibers that transmits impulses of sensation to the brain or spinal cord, and impulses from these to the muscles and organs |
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| The concentration of sense organs, nervous control, etc., at the anterior end of the body, forming a head and brain, both during evolution and in an embryo's development |
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Definition
| The complex of nerve tissues that controls the activities of the body. In vertebrates it comprises the brain and spinal cord |
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| peripheral nervous system |
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Definition
| The nervous system outside the brain and spinal cord |
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Definition
| Conducted or conducting outward or away from something (for nerves, the central nervous system; for blood vessels, the organ supplied) |
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Definition
| a nerve that conveys impulses toward or to muscles or glands |
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| A nerve cell forming part of a pathway along which impulses pass from the brain or spinal cord to a muscle or gland |
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Definition
| a neuron conducting impulses inwards to the brain or spinal cord |
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Definition
| An organ of soft nervous tissue contained in the skull of vertebrates, functioning as the coordinating center of sensation and intellectual and nervous activity |
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| The cylindrical bundle of nerve fibers and associated tissue that is enclosed in the spine and connects nearly all parts of the body to the brain, with which it forms the central nervous system |
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Definition
| A neuron that transmits impulses between other neurons, esp. as part of a reflex arc |
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Definition
| A short branched extension of a nerve cell, along which impulses received from other cells at synapses are transmitted to the cell body |
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Definition
| The long threadlike part of a nerve cell along which impulses are conducted from the cell |
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Term
| resting membrane potential |
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Definition
| Relatively static membrane potential of quiescent cells is called resting membrane potential (or resting voltage), as opposed to the specific dynamic electrochemical phenomenona called action potential and graded membrane potential |
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Definition
| The change in electrical potential associated with the passage of an impulse along the membrane of a muscle cell or nerve cell |
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Definition
| Na+/K+-ATPase (also known as the Na+/K+ pump, sodium-potassium pump, or simply sodium pump, for short) is an enzyme located in the plasma membrane (specifically an electrogenic transmembrane ATPase) in all animals |
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Definition
| The minimum concentration of a substance at which negative health effects begin to appear |
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Definition
| The enhancement or amplification of an effect by its own influence on the process that gives rise to it |
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Term
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Definition
| the most widely distributed type of ion channel and are found in virtually all living organisms. They form potassium-selective pores that span cell membranes |
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Definition
| specialized junctions through which neurons signal to each other and to non-neuronal cells such as those in muscles or glands. Chemical synapses allow neurons to form circuits within the central nervous system |
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Definition
| A chemical substance that is released at the end of a nerve fiber by the arrival of a nerve impulse and causes the transfer of the impulse to another nerve fiber, a muscle fiber, or some other structure. |
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| the junction between a nerve fiber and the muscle it supplies |
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Definition
| A compound that occurs throughout the nervous system, in which it functions as a neurotransmitter |
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Term
| excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) |
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Definition
| a temporary depolarization of postsynaptic membrane potential caused by the flow of positively charged ions into the postsynaptic cell as a result of opening of ligand-sensitive channels |
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Term
| inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) |
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Definition
| a synaptic potential that decreases the chance that a future action potential will occur in a postsynaptic neuron or a motor neuron |
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Definition
| The mechanisms by which a presynaptic neuron influences the activity of an anatomically adjacent postsynaptic neuron |
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Definition
| A hormone, that is released by the adrenal medulla and by the sympathetic nerves and functions as a neurotransmitter. It is also used as a drug to raise blood pressure |
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Definition
| A hormone secreted by the adrenal glands in conditions of stress, increasing rates of blood circulation, breathing, and carbohydrate metabolism and preparing muscles for exertion |
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Definition
| A compound present in the body as a neurotransmitter and a precursor of other substances including epinephrine |
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Definition
| A compound present in blood platelets and serum that constricts the blood vessels and acts as a neurotransmitter |
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Term
| Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) |
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Definition
| a neurotransmitter involved in the regulation of sleep and anxiety |
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Definition
| the process in which several classes of neurotransmitters in the nervous system regulate diverse populations of neurons (one neuron uses different neurotransmitters to connect to several neurons) |
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Definition
| a neuropeptide: an undecapeptide that functions as a neurotransmitter and as a neuromodulator. It belongs to the tachykinin neuropeptide family |
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Definition
| Either of two compounds that occur naturally in the brain. They are peptides related to the endorphins, with similar physiological effects |
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Definition
| Any of a group of hormones secreted within the brain and nervous system and having a number of physiological functions. They are peptides that activate the body's opiate receptors, causing an analgesic effect |
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Definition
| Cells that support and protect neurons are collectively called this; it literally means "glue" in Greek |
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Definition
| A substance, such as a vitamin or hormone, that is required for the stimulation of growth in living cells |
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Definition
| Oligodendrocytes (from Greek literally meaning cells with a few branches); a type of brain cell |
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Term
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Definition
| are glia of the peripheral nervous system (PNS). They are involved in many important aspects of peripheral nerve biology; the conduction of nervous impulses along axons, nerve development and regeneration, trophic support for neurons, production of the nerve extracellular matrix |
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Definition
| a layer of myelin encasing (and insulating) the axons of medullated nerve fibers |
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Definition
| A chronic, typically progressive disease involving damage to the sheaths of nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord, whose symptoms may include numbness, impairment of speech and of muscular coordination, blurred vision, and fatigue |
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Definition
| A tubular structure carrying blood through tissues and organs; a vein, artery, or capillary |
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Definition
| An action that is performed without conscious thought as a response to a stimulus. |
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Definition
| The nerve pathway involved in a reflex action |
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Definition
| A stretch receptor in vertebrate muscle |
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Definition
| contraction of a muscle when an attached tendon is pulled; important in maintaining erect posture |
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Term
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Definition
| is formed from the dorsal and ventral roots that come out of the spinal cord; emerges at two points from the spinal cord, the ventral and dorsal roots |
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Definition
| Each of twelve pairs of nerves that arise from the brain, not from the spinal cord, and pass through separate apertures in the skull |
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Definition
| Any of the nerves associated with sensation or motion spinal cord, and pass through separate apertures in the skull |
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Term
| sympathetic nervous system |
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Definition
| originates in the thoracic regions of the spinal cord; opposes physiological effects of the parasympathetic: reduces digestive secretions; speeds the heart; contracts blood vessels |
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Term
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Definition
| helps in the relay of information regarding distention and acidity to the central nervous system |
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Term
| parasympathetic nervous system |
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Definition
| originates in the brain stem and lower part of the spinal cord; opposes physiological effects of the sympathetic nervous system: stimulates digestive secretions; slows the heart; constricts the pupils; dilates blood vessels |
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Definition
| he part of the nervous system responsible for control of the bodily functions not consciously directed, such as breathing, the heartbeat, and digestive processes |
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Definition
| A physiological reaction in response to stress, characterized by an increase in heart rate and blood pressure--the hormone adrenaline is responsible for it |
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Definition
| The hormone epinephrine extracted from animals or prepared synthetically for medicinal purposes |
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Definition
| The darker tissue of the brain and spinal cord, consisting mainly of nerve cell bodies and branching dendrites |
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Definition
| The paler tissue of the brain and spinal cord, consisting mainly of nerve fibers with their myelin sheaths |
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Definition
| Inflammation of the meninges caused by viral or bacterial infection |
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Definition
| The central trunk of the mammalian brain, consisting of the medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain, and continuing downward to form the spinal cord |
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Definition
| The continuation of the spinal cord within the skull, containing control centers for the heart and lungs |
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Definition
| The inner region of an organ or tissue, when it is distinguishable from the outer region or cortex |
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Definition
| The part of the brain at the back of the skull in vertebrates. Its function is to coordinate and regulate muscular activity |
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Definition
| The principal and most anterior part of the brain in vertebrates, located in the front area of the skull and consisting of two hemispheres. It is responsible for the integration of sensory and neural functions and the initiation and coordination of voluntary activity |
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Definition
| Either of two masses of gray matter lying between the cerebral hemispheres on either side of the third ventricle, relaying sensory information and acting as a center for pain perception |
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Definition
| A region of the forebrain below the thalamus that coordinates both the autonomic nervous system and the activity of the pituitary |
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Definition
| the master gland of the endocrine system; located at the base of the brain |
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Definition
| The part of the brain stem that links the medulla oblongata and the thalamus |
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Definition
| A filtering mechanism of the capillaries that blocks the passage of certain substances |
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Definition
| Clear watery fluid that fills the space between the arachnoid membrane and the pia mater |
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Definition
| The inner open space or cavity of a tubular organ, as of a blood vessel or an intestine |
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Definition
| structure of the vertebrate forebrain involved in olfaction, the perception of odors |
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Definition
| The three membranes (dura mater, arachnoid, and pia mater) that line the skull and vertebral canal and enclose the brain and spinal cord |
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Definition
| a small endocrine gland in the brain; situated beneath the back part of the corpus callosum; secretes melatonin |
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Definition
| the layer of unmyelinated neurons (the grey matter) forming the cortex of the cerebrum |
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Definition
| Each of the paired lobes of the brain lying immediately behind the forehead, including areas concerned with behavior, learning, personality, and voluntary movement |
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Definition
| The anterior part of the brain |
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Definition
| A small central part of the brain stem |
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Definition
| The lower part of the brainstem, comprising the cerebellum, pons, and medulla oblongata |
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Definition
| A complex system of nerves and networks in the brain that controls the basic emotions and drives |
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Definition
| Emotion is associated with mood, temperament, personality, and disposition; a reaction to a situation derived from a person's instinct and experience |
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Definition
| a complex neural network in the central core of the brainstem; monitors the state of the body and functions in such processes as arousal and sleep and attention and muscle tone |
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Term
| Electroencephalogram (EEG's) |
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Definition
| A test or record of brain activity produced by electroencephalography |
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Definition
| A region of the brain concerned with the production of speech, located in the cortex of the dominant frontal lobe |
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Definition
| a brain region that in humans is located in the posterior portion of the frontal lobe. It works in association with pre-motor areas to plan and execute movements |
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Definition
| A layer at the back of the eyeball containing cells that are sensitive to light and that trigger nerve impulses that pass via the optic nerve to the brain |
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Definition
| A broad band of nerve fibers joining the two hemispheres of the brain |
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Definition
| Each of the second pair of cranial nerves, transmitting impulses to the brain from the retina at the back of the eye |
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Definition
| The dark circular opening in the center of the iris of the eye, varying in size to regulate the amount of light reaching the retina |
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Definition
| The part of the cerebral cortex that receives and processes sensory nerve impulses from the eyes |
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Definition
| A person's power to remember things and retrieve information about past sensory experiences |
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Definition
| what you can repeat immediately after perceiving it |
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Definition
| your general store of remembered information |
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Definition
| the aspect of human memory that stores facts. It is so called because it refers to memories that can be consciously discussed, or declared. It applies to standard textbook learning and knowledge, as well as memories that can be ''traveled back to'' in one's ''mind's eye'' |
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Definition
| A partial or total loss of memory |
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| Progressive mental deterioration occurring in middle or old age, due to generalized degeneration of the brain |
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Definition
| The upper of the two gray nuclei of the corpus striatum in the cerebrum of the brain |
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Definition
| a condition characterized by an overwhelming desire to continue taking a drug to which one has become habituated through repeated consumption |
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Definition
| Diminution in the body's response to a drug after continued use |
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Definition
| being abnormally tolerant to and dependent on something that is psychologically or physically habit-forming (especially alcohol or narcotic drugs) |
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Definition
| To keep from being seen, found, observed, or discovered (when using alcohol or narcotic drugs) |
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| An influence that depresses economic or other activity |
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| A condition of mental disturbance, typically with lack of energy and difficulty in maintaining concentration or interest in life |
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| A substance that raises levels of physiological or nervous activity in the body; something that increases activity, interest, or enthusiasm in a specified field |
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| An addictive drug, derived from coca or prepared synthetically, used as an illegal stimulant and sometimes medicinally as a local anesthetic |
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Definition
| The alkaloid crystalline compound found in tea and coffee plants. It is a stimulant of the central nervous system |
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Definition
| A toxic colorless or yellowish oily liquid, that is the chief active constituent of tobacco. It acts as a stimulant in small doses, but in larger amounts blocks the action of autonomic nerve and skeletal muscle cells |
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Definition
| A synthetic, addictive, mood-altering drug, used illegally as a stimulant and legally as a prescription drug to treat children with ADD and adults with narcolepsy |
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Definition
| An overwhelming feeling of great happiness or joyful excitement; an emotional or religious frenzy or trancelike state, originally one involving an experience of mystic self-transcendence |
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Definition
| A sleep-inducing drug; a person under or open to the influence of hypnotism |
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Definition
| Methamphetamine, also known as metamfetamine (INN), dextromethamphetamine, methylamphetamine, N-methylamphetamine, and desoxyephedrine) is a psychoactive stimulant drug |
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Definition
| A colorless volatile flammable liquid, that is the intoxicating constituent of wine, beer, spirits, and other drinks, and is also used as an industrial solvent and as fuel |
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Definition
| A preparation of the nicotine-rich leaves of an American plant, which are cured by a process of drying and fermentation for smoking or chewing |
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| A drug called Cannabis; as smoked in cigarettes |
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Definition
| A plant used to produce hemp fiber and as a mildly psychotropic drug--marijuana |
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Definition
| A synthetic compound, used as an anesthetic and analgesic drug and also (illicitly) as a hallucinogen |
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Definition
| A synthetic compound derived from piperidine, used as a veterinary anesthetic and in hallucinogenic drugs such as angel dust |
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| Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) |
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Definition
| a synthetic crystalline compound, that is a potent hallucinogenic drug |
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Definition
| trade names of a narcotic analgesic that can be inhaled and that acts on the central nervous system and may become addictive |
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Definition
| an opioid analgesic medication synthesized from opium-derived thebaine. It was developed in 1916 in Germany, as one of several new semi-synthetic opioids in an attempt to improve on the existing opiates and opioids: morphine, diacetylmorphine (heroin), and codeine |
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Definition
| A drug or medicine given to reduce pain |
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Definition
| A highly addictive analgesic drug, derived from morphine, often used illicitly as a narcotic producing euphoria |
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Definition
| A sleep-inducing and analgesic drug, derived from morphine |
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Definition
| An analgesic and narcotic drug, obtained from opium and used medicinally to relieve pain |
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