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Definition
| Evolution is the change in allelic frequencies in a population |
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Term
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| Changes in allelic frequencies |
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Term
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| Refers to speciation, the development of an entirely new species |
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| Anagenesis or Phyletic Evolution |
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Definition
When one species replaces another
Species A ------------> Species B |
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| Cladogenesis or Branching Evolution |
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Definition
When a new species branches out from the parent species.
Species A -----------------> Species A
\---------> Species B |
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Definition
Ex: wing of bat, fin of whale, and human arm all have the same internal bones structure, however they have different functions.
* Common origin reflects common ancestry * |
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| Bat wings and fly wings have the same function. Not the same structure. Reflects adaptation to similar environment. |
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Evidence that structures have evolved
ex: appendix was needed when human ancestors ate different diets |
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| related organisms go through similar stages in embryotic development |
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| You can compare the amino acid sequence of cytochrome c. among different organisms to show which ones are most closely related. |
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| continental drift with separation of Pangea shows geographic distribution of organisms. |
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| Aristotle Theory of Scala Natura |
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Definition
| All life-forms can be arranged on a ladder of increasing complexity. Species are permanent (do not evlove). Humans are top of the ladder |
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| Carolus Linnaeus or Carl von Linné |
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Definition
*Specialized in taxanomy (naming/classification)
*Believed scientists should study life and classification system would reveal a divine plan.
*He came up with the taxanomy we use today. |
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Definition
*Died before Darwin published his thesis.
*Studied Fossils and understood fossil record
*Theory of Catastrophism
*Could tell by one bone what animal something was. |
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*Cuvier 1794
*All major catastrophes can be found in the bible using fossils
*Bible is accurate representation of what happened on earth. |
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*geologist
*theory of gradualism
-The earth molded by slow gradual wind weather and flow of water |
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*geologist
*Friend of Darwin
*First to say that the earth must be older than 6000
*He said at least a million. (it is actually 4.5 bya) |
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*Lyell came up with this idea
*Everything that shapes the world now did it previously as well
*Therefore the earth is in its billions. |
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| Mathus "Struggle of Existence" |
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Definition
*All organisms on earth struggle to survive and not everyone will make it.
*Humans are growing faster than food supply (said this in 1798)
*Disease, war, and famine cause struggle |
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Definition
*Came up with Geographic distribution of Animals.
-essentially the same as Darwin's Natural Selection.
-both went to academy of science and Darwin got credit |
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Definition
*inheritance of acquired characteristics
*You can aquire characteristics through inheritance
ex: if you dye your hair pink your children will have pink hair |
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Definition
*father of modern evolution
*species have changed over time for a long time
*"survival of the fittest"
*Later on genetic proof of Darwin's theory came about
*He left england when he was 22 and traveled to South America,
The Galapagos Island, and Australia |
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Term
| Darwin's theory of Natural Selection |
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Definition
1. Over Population- all organisms will overpopulate
2. Not all will survive
3. There is variation within
4. The variation must be inherited
5. THose with the best adaptations live longer
6. Change over time |
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Term
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Definition
Caused by changing environmental factors.
One phenotype will replace a gene pool |
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Term
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Definition
| increases extreme types in a population at the expense of intermediate forms |
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Definition
eliminates extreme factors
ex: human babies are usually in between 6 and 9 lbs higher or lower is rarer |
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Definition
| based on variation in secondary sexual characteristics related to competing for and attracting mates |
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| Humans breed plants and animals by seeking individuals with designed traits as breeding stock |
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Definition
| Presence of 2 or more phenotypically distinct forms of a trait is a single population of species. |
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Definition
| provides new alleles in gene pool |
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Definition
| provides variation due to shuffling of alleles during meiosis and fertilization |
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| Independent assortment of chromosomes |
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Definition
| During metaphase I, results in the recombination of unlike genes |
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Term
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Definition
The exchange of genetic material of homologous chromosomes.
*occurs during meiosis I
*produces individual chromosomes that combine gees inherited from two parents |
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Definition
| In humans any 2 parents will produce a zygote with as many as 64 trillion diploid combinations. |
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Definition
*Mating of organisms that are not closely related
*maintains variation within a species and a strong gene pool. |
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Definition
| The 2n condition which maintains and shelters a hidden pool of alleles that ma not be suitable for present condition. Could be advantageous when conditions change. |
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Definition
Ss normal hemoglobin so no sickle cell anemia
ss abnormal hemoglobin
SS no sickle cell anemia but do have malaria |
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Term
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Definition
*A mechanism of MicroEvolution
*Change in the gene pool due to chance
*Bottle Neck Effect: take an entire population shake out a few and that is the new one (ex: we killed cheetah population and then there were a few left and had to start over)
*Founder Effect: Small group of organisms leaves and starts new population (ex: Finches in galapagos Islands) |
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Term
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Definition
*Mechanism of MicroEvolution
* The movement of alleles into and out of a population
*result of immigration and emigration |
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Definition
*Stephen J. Gould and Niles Eldridge
*gradualism is not supported by fossil record
*new species arises in a different place and expands its range, competing with or replacing ancestral species |
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Term
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Definition
| follows the book of genesis and claims God created all life 6000 years ago with humans in the form they are now |
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| Count George-Louis Leclerc de Buffon |
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Definition
| said that species might change overtime |
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Term
| Hardy Weinberg Equillibriium |
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Definition
*two scientists who described what a non-evolving population would look like.
*Must be large population
*Population must be isolated
*No mutations in population
*Mating must be random
*No natural selection
p(sqrd) + 2pq + q(sqrd) = 1 |
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Definition
Caused by geographic isolation
ex: grand canyon has a species of squirrel on either side that never can meet so can't reproduce |
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Definition
| two organisms live around each other but don't encounter often |
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Definition
| organisms with elaborate mating behavior will not reproduce if behavior is performed incorrectly. |
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| Refers to time, sometimes flowers in different environments are functionally separated into 2 separate populations |
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Definition
A prezygotic barrier.
Parts don't fit, (ex: big dog and little dog cannot have sex because of size difference) |
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Definition
before zygote is formed
caused by timing, location, parts don't fit, death of gametes |
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Definition
After Zygote is formed
caused by infertile, death of zygote |
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Definition
| two related species that make similar evolutionary adaptations after divergence from common ancestor |
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Definition
| when unrelated species live in the same environment and the same appearance but totally different ancestry. (ex: whales and fish) |
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Definition
| When population is isolated from others and is then becomes exposed to new selective pressures it will transform into a new species. |
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Definition
| theory that organisms descend from a common ancestor gradually in a branching fashion |
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Term
| Australopibthecus Afarensis |
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Definition
*Environment: mixed habitat of savanna, woodland, lakes, and flood planes
*Diet: Fruits, nuts and seeds |
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Term
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Definition
Environment: savanna and mixed woodland
Diet: Hard gritty food, nuts and tubers |
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Term
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Definition
Environment: mixed habitat savannawoodland
Diet: generalized with some meat
FIRST TO MAKE TOOLS |
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Term
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Definition
Environment: variable from warm savanna to cold temperate deciduous
Diet: generalized with some meat
STOOD UPRIGHT |
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Term
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Definition
Environment: tundra and woodlands
Diet: generalized relied on meat
*Might be regional varient of Homo sapiens |
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Term
| A.I. Oparin and J.B.S. Haldane |
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Definition
*1920's
*Hypothesized separately that under conditions of early earth, organic molecules could form, and there would be no O2 to react or degrade them. |
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Definition
*Used electricity to re-enact lightning and U.V. light on early earth.
*Used Electricity on CH4, H2O, NH3, and H2
*They created amino acids through this process |
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Term
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Definition
*One of the first organisms alive on earth
*single celled
*prokaryote
*reproduced sexually
*DNA loop
*heterotrophic- get food from other organisms
*anaerobic respiration
*have ribosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| A spherical shell that is usually made of a biodegradable or resorbable plastic polymer, that has a very small diameter usually in the micrometer or nanometer range, and that is often filled with a substance (as a drug or antibody) for release as the shell is degraded. |
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