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AP Biology - Chapter 5
The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules
27
Biology
11th Grade
09/21/2011

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Term
Polymer
Definition
Long molecule consiting of many similar blocks linked by covalent bonds.
Term
Enzymes
Definition
Special macromolecules that speed up chemical reactions.
Term
Dehydration Reaction
Definition
Chemical reaction that involves the loss of water from the reacting molecule. 
Term
Monosaccharides
Definition
Multiple units of glucose
Term
Disaccharide
Definition
Two monosaccharides joned by a glycosidic linkage. 
Term
Glycosidic Linkage
Definition
Covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction.
Term
Polysaccharides
Definition
Macromolecules, polymers with a few hundred-thousand monosaccharides joed by glycosidic linkage. 
Term
Starch
Definition
Polymer of glucose monomores.
Term
Glycogen
Definition
Polymer of glucose that is like amylopectin.
Term
Cellulose
Definition
Component of the tough wall that encloses plant cells. 
Term
Lipids
Definition
Fatty acids.
Term
Fatty Acid
Definition
Large carbon skeleton.
Term
Chitin
Definition
 A fibrous substance consisting of polysaccharides and forming the major constituent in the exoskeleton of arthropods and the cell walls of fungi. 
Term
Unsaturated Fatty Acids
Definition
One or more double bonds with fewer hydrogen atoms. 
Term
Saturated Fatty Acids
Definition
Fatty acid whose carbon chain cannot absorb any more hydrogen atoms.
Term
Trans Fat
Definition
Unsaturated fat with trans-isomer fatty acids.
Term
Phospholipids
Definition
 A lipid containing a phosphate group in its molecule.
Term
Steroids
Definition
Large class of organic compounds with a characteristic molecular structure containing four rings of carbon atoms.
Term
Cholesterol
Definition
A type of steroid that is synthezised in the liver.
Term
Catalyst
Definition
Chemical agents that speed up chemical reactions without being consumed by the reaction.
Term
Polypeptides
Definition
Polymers of Amino Acids.
Term
Protein
Definition
Molecule that has more than one polypeptide.
Term
Sickle-Cell Disease
Definition
Substitute of one amino acids for the normal one.
Term
Denaturation
Definition
Destroyed protein.
Term
Chaperonins
Definition
Proper folding of other proteins.
Term
X-Ray Crystallography
Definition
Determines 3D structure of proteins.
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