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| Contain most genes in eukaryotic cell |
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| site of ribosome synthesis |
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| double membrane that separates nucleus from cytoplasm,the pore structures on it allow the entry and exit of most proteins and RNA |
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| Network of fibers extending into the nucleus, giving the nucleus support and structure |
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rRNA + protein, has 2 subunits,
site of protein synthesis
either free in cytoplasm or bound to ER |
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| organelle in the endomembrane system that is involved in lipid synthesis, carbohydrate metabolism, drug/poison detox & calcium storage |
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| organelle in the endomembrane system that is involved in secreted protein synthesis (glycoproteins) and membrane synthesis |
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| organelle in the endomembrane system that modify glycoproteins and phospholipids, and targets products via vesicles |
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| Organelle involved phagocytosis (cell eating), and autophagy (break down of organelles) |
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| Membrane-bound vesicle found in plants, functions as a storage for organi and inorganic ions, by-product disposal, pigments and plant growth |
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| site of cellular respiration in most eukaryotic cells |
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| site of photosynthesis, found in plant and algal cells |
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| organelle break down fatty acids, detox alcohol and convert peroxide to water |
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| have a core of microtubules, sheathed in an extension of a plamsa membrane. They give movement to the cell |
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Composed of cylinder microtubule triplets, involved in cell divion
In animal cells |
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| hollow tubes made from globular protein called tubulin. They give the cell shape , are involved in cell motility, separate chromosomes in cell division and guide organelle movement and secretory vesicles |
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| Fibrous proteins coiled into thicker cables, that maintain the shape of the cell and anchors the nucleus and other organelles |
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| an open channel in the cell wall of a plant that allows strands of cytosol to connect to the chemical environment of adjacent cell. |
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| sacs made of membranes that are involved in the transportation of lipids and other molecules within a cell |
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| network of fibers that give mechanical support to a cell and maintains its shape |
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| channel proteins or carrier are used to move molecules across the cell membrane |
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| bringing large materials in by forming vesicles from membrane |
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| vesicles carrying exported material fuse with cell membrane |
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| the region along which the density of a chemical substance decreases |
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| 1st law of thermodynamics |
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Definition
| Energy can be transferred and transformed but it cannot be created nor destroyed |
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| 2nd law of thermodynamics |
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| Every energy transfer or transformation increases the energy of the universe |
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| where the substrate binds to on an enzyme. |
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| enzyme that bonds to origin of replication and breaks the h-bonds between the two chains of nucleotides |
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| enzyme that bonds to the still wound DNA, stabilizing DNA from breaking |
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| enzyme that puts down an RNA primer, which is 5-10 nucleotides that are complimentary to the parent DNA strand at the origin. |
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| Single stranded binding proteins |
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Definition
bond to sugar-phosphate backbone to prevent DNA from re-annealing (coming together)
only in eukaryotes |
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| an enzyme that cuts DNA or RNA, either removing one or a few bases or hydrolyzing the DNA completely into its component nucleotides. Fixes DNA mistakes. |
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| a regulatory protein that binds to DNA and affects transcription of specific genes in Eukaryotes |
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| change in one base pair that result in the same amino acids being formed in the same place, thus no effect on result. caused by redundancy of genetic code. |
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| change in one base pair that results in the change of a new amino acid. If the new aa has similar properties it won’t be too bad, but if it was drastic |
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| change in one base pair that results in the formation of a stop codon. The end result will most likely be a shrunken protein or no protein at all |
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| genes with similar products clustered together, each with one promoter for several genes |
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| gene expression is usually turned “off”, aka a repressor is usually bonded to operator, but can be induced when a regulatory molecule is present |
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adds free DNA nucleotides to the template primer, adding only to an already existing nucleotide chain at the 3’ end. also checks that nucleotides are matching.
in eukaryotes |
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