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Antonines and Severans
Antonines and Severans
17
Art History
Undergraduate 2
05/12/2010
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Term
Antoninus Pius
 Definition

  • 138-161
  • adopted by Hadrian on his deathbed
  • had to adopt Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus as his heirs
Term
[image]
 Definition

 

  • Temple of Faustina and Antoninus Pius
  • c. 140
  • in the forum
  • requested that his statue be put in the same cella as Faustina 
  • as close a possible to the first dynastic temple, the temple of divine Julius Caesar
  • best preserved standard Roman temple in the forum
  • tall and frontal (Etruscan)
  • stone and Corinthian (Greek)
  • altar built into the stairs because of lack of room
  • 40 ft columns
  • frieze has griffons (composite animals)
  • architecture is conservative
  • material and design speaks to expansion of empire 

 
Term
[image]
 Definition

 

  • The great Antonine Relief 
  • c. 140
  • continuing the trajectory from dynastic to familial sculpture to see the succession of the family/dynasty (like ara pacis)
  • baroque style
  • Antoninus Pius looking at us with two adopted heirs Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus 
  • presenting himself as a father of two heirs
  • Faustina also there
  • scenes of family members alternating with battle scenes

 
Term
Marcus Aurelius 
 Definition

  • divides his power freely with Lucius Verus
  • Marcus wanted to be in Rome but spends most of his reign on the German border because of German invasion 
  • Plague for the first time in Rome because of Lucius Verus
  • Marcus was a good man ruling at a bad time
  • made one mistake = his son
Term
Meditations
 Definition

  • c. 170
  • series of personal writings 
  • source for his own guidance and self improvement
  • indulgence in emotion 
Term
[image]
 Definition

 

  • Base of Columns of Antoninus Pius
  • c. 170
  • scene of apothesis
  • personification of Rome with a shield that shows Romulus and Remus
  • Large fallacy (obelisk)
  • Male winged victory leading souls of Antoninus Pius and Faustina into heaven with eagles of Zeus
  • Idealized bodies, full-faced personifications 
  • scene of decursio
  • military exercise where horses parade around in circles 
  • different view to show perspective 
  • several ground lines so that everything is visible 
  • two different styles on the same monument 
  • imperial monument 

 
Term
[image]
 Definition

 

  • Bronze equestrian of Marcus Aurelius 
  • c. 170
  • stood by cathedral in Rome
  • proportion of man to horse (to show the power of the emperor)
  • military garb
  • gesture looks like adlo cutio but really he is pardoning a German despite their crimes of trying to evade the empire
  • gilded bronze

 
Term
[image]
 Definition

 

  • Columns of Marcus Aurelius 
  • c. 170
  • emulate and associate with Trajan
  • greater shadows, darker
  • dark columns representative determined rule over a prosperous empire but had to spend his entire reign fighting on the border
  • used to be a bronze statue of emperors on top
  • near ara pacis (association with Augustus) 
  • many scenes of adlo cutio but mostly scenes of construction
  • speaking out to us instead of audience on column
  • scenes of fun vs scenes of war
  • nature always good in Trajan not as good in Marcus
  • more drill work on Marcus
  • can see how the tide has turned during Marcus time
  • signals the end of the period of peace and prosperity

 
Term
Septimius Severus
 Definition

  • c. 200
  • general who marched from Hungary
  • senate saw his loyal troops and claimed him emperor
  • took four more years of fighting to defeat his rivals
  • from northern Africa and his wife from Syria
  • rose in the ranks in the military
  • once in power he makes up a story about a deathbed adoption from Marcus Aurelius
  • non italic military education
  • doesn't spend much time in Rome because he doesn't see it as any higher status in the empire so resides mainly in north Africa
  • centralized and autocratic ruling
Term
 Definition

 

  • Nude of Septimius Severus
  • c. 200
  • head is veristic but body is idealized 
  • engaged and active pose
  • no modesty
  • no fear of showing pride and position of power
  • survived as a bronze 

 
Term
[image]
 Definition

 

  • Severan Portrait
  • c.200
  • only surviving painting of an imperial family
  • tempra (pigment in water)
  • family of four
  • emphasis on the eyes and parted beards
  • mom and dad presented equally
  • man with darker skin signifies the man works outside while the woman works inside
  • crowns on their heads (foreign tradition)
  • Septimius wants sons to be corulers
  • Caracalla had Geta killed because he wanted all the power
  • Caracalla familia resemblance with his mother 
  • dynastic and eastern

 
Term
[image]
 Definition

 

  • Forma Urbis
  • c. 200
  • returned Rome to order and peace
  • restores the urban infrastructure
  • makes a new marble map of the city (most intact)
  • interest in reinstating order after 5 year civil war

 
Term
[image]
 Definition

 

  • Arch of Septimius Severus
  • c. 200
  • triumveral arch
  • diagonal from arch of Augustus (proclaiming him a new founding father)
  • victory through military might
  • tripartite arch
  • Severan baroque which is more baroque than Flavian baroque
  • engaged, deep columns
  • winged victories in spandrels
  • sculpture of battle scenes between columns (fear of empty space)
  • captives underneath columns 
  • composite columns
  • 4 ground lines in scenes between columns 

 
Term
[image]
 Definition

 

  • Leptis Magna
  • c. 200
  • port town on northern shore of Africa (his hometown)
  • originally Phoenician
  •  gives same powers as all other Italian cities have
  • Severan forum
  • basilica with two apses and temple at the end
  • imperial forum (founding father)
  • not in Rome
  • builds a temple to his own lineage (never done in Rome)
  • Round arch in stone over column 
  • references to Hercules 

 
Term
Caracalla 
 Definition

  • c. 220
  • killed his younger brother Geta
  • showed traits of kindness
  • spoiled by his mother
  • has his brother damned
  • citizens don't find him so bad cause he learns how to please the people
  • gives citizenship to everyone
  • bad emperor 
Term
[image]
 Definition

 

  • Caracalla as Hercules
  • c. 220
  • baby Hercules playing with a serpent which he is strangling
  • plump 

 
Term
[image]
 Definition

 

  • Baths of Caracalla
  • c. 220
  • imperial bath
  • colored marble and filled with art
  • first imperial baths since Trajan
  • brought back peace and prosperity
  • could service 2000 people at once
  • libraries
  • creative spaces with concrete construction
  • exterior is stucco
  • surrounded by gardens
  • one bathing axis
  • mosaic floors
  • statue of Hercules 

 
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