Term
| What factors at the site of infection can affect antimicrobial therapy? |
|
Definition
| Presence of Pus Presence of Hemoglobin pH Anaerobic conditions Presence of foreign body |
|
|
Term
| What antimicrobials site of action is on DNA gyrase? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What antimicrobials site of action is on Protein Synthesis, 30S inhibitors? |
|
Definition
| Aminoglycosides Tetracyclines |
|
|
Term
| What antimicrobials site of action is on Protein synthesis, 50S inhibitors? |
|
Definition
| Macrolides Clindamycin Linezolid |
|
|
Term
| Why is Combination Chemotherapy used? |
|
Definition
| Mixed Bacterial Infections Unknown etiology when can't wait for results Drug Synergy Prevent Resistance Permit Lower dose |
|
|
Term
| Increased export of which drug from cells creates resistance? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What drug do Beta-lactamases inactivate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What drug is inactivated by phosphorylation, acetylation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is resistance achieved to Sulfonamides/trimethoprim? |
|
Definition
| Alternative and salvage metabolic pathways |
|
|
Term
| What class of Penicillins is effective against G+ cocci and bacilli, some G-, and spirochetes? |
|
Definition
Natural penicillins
Penicillin G - parenteral
Penicillin V - oral |
|
|
Term
| What specific orgainisms are the Natural Penicillins effective against? |
|
Definition
| Streptococcus Neisseria gonorrhoeae Treponema pallidum |
|
|
Term
| What class of penicillins is effective against Beta-lactamase-producing staph? |
|
Definition
| Anti-staphylococcal Nafcillin - parenteral |
|
|
Term
| What class of penicillins is effective against G+ cocci and bacilli, some G- cocci, rods, and bacilli, and spirochetes? |
|
Definition
| Extended Spectrum Ampicillin - parenteral/oral Amoxicillin - Oral |
|
|
Term
| What specific organisms are amoxicillin effective against? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the Extended spectrum Penicillins not resistant to? |
|
Definition
| Broad Spectrum Beta-lactamases in G- organisms |
|
|
Term
| What enzymes do penicillins bind to that is required for cell wall synthesis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How are penicillins metabolized and excreted? |
|
Definition
| Hepatic enzyme metabolism Renally excreted |
|
|
Term
| What penicillins need to be supplemented following hemodialysis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is MRSA usually resistant to? How should it be treated? |
|
Definition
| Usually resistant to: cephalosporins erythromycin tetracycline Treat With: Vancomycin |
|
|
Term
| What are the prophylactic uses of penicillins? |
|
Definition
| Exposure to gonorrhea, syphilis Prevention of recurrence of rheumatic fever Patients with valvular hear disease undergoing surgery |
|
|
Term
| What adverse reaction is frequent with augmentin in Children but can occur with all penicillins? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What adverse reaction is more common with ampicillin after oral dose? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What penicillin can cause adverse effects on plasma electrolyte concentrations? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What penicillin causes dose related renal impairment? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What patients are at higher risk for neurotoxicity when taking penicillins? |
|
Definition
| Patients with reduced renal function |
|
|
Term
| What penicillins more commonly cause hypersensitivity reactions? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What was developed to be effective in patients allergic to penicillins? |
|
Definition
| cephalosporin (but MRSA is usually resistant to it) |
|
|
Term
| What drugs can be used in place of penicillin for a person who is acutely allergic to penicillin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 generations of Cephalosporins? |
|
Definition
| 1st - Cefazolin 2nd - Cefoxitin 3rd - Ceftriaxone, Cefotaxime 4th - Cefapime |
|
|
Term
| What is the progression of the cephalosporin generations? |
|
Definition
Broadening in G- susceptibility
Decreased activity against G+
Increased resistance to B-lactamase
Increased capability to enter CSF |
|
|
Term
| What generation of cephalosporins has a similar spectrum to ampicillin, G+ cocci, and many G- bacilli? |
|
Definition
First Generation
Cefazolin |
|
|
Term
| What Cephalosporin has less G+ activity and is effective against H. influenza and B. fragilis? |
|
Definition
Second Generation
Cefoxitin |
|
|
Term
| What cephalosporin is effective againts Enteric G-, and is reserved for very serious infections? |
|
Definition
Third Generation
Cefotaxime, Ceftriaxone
Crosses Blood Brain Barrier |
|
|
Term
| T/F No current cephs have activity for entercocci or ORSA |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What cephalosprins penetrate to CSF sufficiently to be useful for meningitis? |
|
Definition
3rd Generation
Cefotaxime & ceftriaxone |
|
|
Term
| What cephalosporin is used to treat bacteremia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What cephalosporin is the only one that does not have to be supplemented following hemodialysis? |
|
Definition
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