Term
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Definition
| A complex disorder of carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism resulting primarily from the lack of insulin secretion by the beta cells of the pancreas or from defects of the insulin receptors; it is commonly referred to simply as diabetes. There are two major types of diabetes: type 1 and type 2. (p. 489) |
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Term
| Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) |
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Definition
| A severe metabolic complication of uncontrolled diabetes that, if untreated, leads to diabetic coma and death. (p. 491) |
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Term
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Definition
| Diabetes that develops during pregnancy. It may resolve after pregnancy but may also be a precursor of type 2 diabetes in later life. (p. 492) |
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Term
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Definition
| A hormone produced by the alpha cells in the islets of Langerhans that stimulates the conversion of glycogen to glucose in the liver. (p. 489) |
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Term
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Definition
| One of the simple sugars that serves as a major source of energy. It is found in foods (e.g., fruits, refined sweets) and also is the final breakdown product of complex carbohydrate metabolism in the body; it is also commonly referred to as dextrose. (p. 489) |
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Term
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Definition
| A polysaccharide that is the major carbohydrate stored in animal cells. (p. 489) |
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Term
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Definition
| the breakdown of glycogen to glucose. p 489 |
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Term
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Definition
| Hemoglobin molecules to which glucose molecules are bound; blood levels of hemoglobin A1C are used as a diagnostic measure of average daily blood glucose levels in the monitoring of diabetes; it is also called glycosylated hemoglobin or glycated hemoglobin. (p. 493) |
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Term
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Definition
| A fasting blood glucose level of 126 mg/dL or higher or a nonfasting blood glucose level of 200 mg/dL or higher. (p. 489) |
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Term
| Hyperosmolar nonketotic syndrome (HNKS) |
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Definition
| A metabolic complication of uncontrolled diabetes, similar in severity to diabetic ketoacidosis but without ketosis and acidosis. (p. 492) |
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Term
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Definition
| A blood glucose level of less than 50 mg/dL p. 501 |
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Term
| Impaired fasting glucose level |
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Definition
| A fasting glucose level of at least 110 mg/dL but lower than 126 mg/dL; it defines a prediabetic state that is sometimes called prediabetes. (p. 493) |
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Term
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Definition
| A naturally occurring hormone secreted by the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas in response to increased levels of glucose in the blood. (p. 489) |
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Term
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Definition
| Organic chemical compounds produced through the oxidation of secondary alcohols (e.g., fat molecules), including dietary carbohydrates. (p. 489) |
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Term
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Definition
| Chronic excessive intake of water; it is a common symptom of diabetes. (p. 489) |
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Term
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Definition
less than 50 mg/dL
Confusion
Irritability
Tremor
Sweating
Hypothermia
Seizures
Coma
Death
Headache, dizziness, confusion, slurred speech
Nervousness, anxiety, agitation
Tremors, uncoordination, sweating, tachycardia, seizures |
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Term
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Definition
| Extreme thirst, dry mucous membranes |
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Term
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Definition
Most rapid onset of action (5 to 15 minutes)
Peak (30 min to 1 hour)
Duration (2-4 hours)
Patient must eat a meal after injection
Insulin lispro (Humalog)
Insulin aspart (NovoLog)
Insulin glulisine (Apidra) |
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Term
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Definition
| excessive eating; it is a common symptom of diabetes p 489 |
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Term
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Definition
| increased frequency or volume of urinary output; it is a common symptom of diabetes. p 489 |
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Term
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Definition
Regular insulin (Humulin R)
Onset 30 to 60 minutes
Peak (2-3 hours)
Duration (3-4 hours) |
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Term
| Intermediate Acting Insulin |
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Definition
Isophane insulin suspension - Lente (also called NPH)
Onset of action (2-4 hours)
Peak (4-12 hours)
Duration (18-24 hours)
Cloudy appearance
Slower in onset and more prolonged in duration than endogenous insulin |
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Term
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Definition
Insulin glargine (Lantus), detemir (Levemir)
Clear, colorless solution
Referred to as basal insulin
Evenly dispersed action
Duration (24 hours)
Can not mix with
other insulin |
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Term
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Definition
tissue atrophy
Rotate sites, inject at room temperature |
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Term
| Administration of Insulin |
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Definition
Given subcutaneously
90 or 45 degree angle
Only regular insulin can be given IV |
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Term
Macrovascular (atherosclerotic plaque)
(complications) |
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Definition
Coronary arteries - Myocardial infarction
Cerebral arteries- Stroke
Peripheral vessels – PVD, neuropathies, foot ulcers (amputations) |
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Term
Microvascular (capillary damage)
complications |
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Definition
Retinopathy – partial or complete blindness
Neuropathy – gastroparesis, bladder dysfunction, foot ulcers from lack of sensation
Nephropathy – proteinuria, renal failure |
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Term
| 3 symptoms of diabetes mellitus |
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Definition
| polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia |
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Term
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Definition
| Lack of insulin production or production of defective insulin |
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Term
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Definition
Genetic defect
Assoc with obesity
Caused by insulin deficiency and insulin resistance
Many tissues are resistant to insulin
Reduced number of insulin receptors
Insulin receptors less responsive |
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Term
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Definition
Body tissues do not respond to the action of insulin
Insulin receptors are unresponsive
Insulin receptors are deficient in numbers
Treatment:
Weight loss, diet and exercise, oral meds |
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