Term
| what is selective toxicity? |
|
Definition
| finding unique things about bugs so that you can throw drugs at them without hurting the human host. |
|
|
Term
| what are some targets for drugs? |
|
Definition
| cell wall synthesis, cell membrane function, protein synthesis, nucleic acid synthesis |
|
|
Term
| what accounts for the retention of crystal violet stain found in gram positive bugs? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| where do penicillins and cephalosporins attack gram positive bugs? |
|
Definition
| targeting the synthesis of peptidoglycan |
|
|
Term
| name 4 beta lactam antibiotics: |
|
Definition
| penicillins, cephalosporins, monobactams, carbapenems |
|
|
Term
| are beta lactams bactericidal or bacteristatic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is penicillin's MOA? |
|
Definition
| attacks the cross-linking of the polypeptides (transpeptidation) in cell walls. |
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Term
| Penicillin G, Penicillin V, Procaine Penicillin, Benzathine Penacillin; all belong to what class of penicillins? |
|
Definition
| Natural Penicillins. These are all the same antibiotic, just different delivery methods. |
|
|
Term
| Is Group A streptococcus sensitive to natural penicillins? |
|
Definition
| most definitely! remember that one. |
|
|
Term
| T/F: streptococcus pyogenes is Group A |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how good is penicillin coverage against streptococcus pneumoniae? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the gram stain of Group A streptococcus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what bug causes syphilis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| is penicillin effective against syphilis? |
|
Definition
| hell yeah it is. remember that one. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| enzyme that chews up penicillin produced by most all staph bugs. |
|
|
Term
| Methicillin, Nafcillin, Oxacillin, Dicloxacillin; are all what kinds of penicillins? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do anti-staphylococcal penicillins cover? |
|
Definition
| directed against staph, and effective against streptococci. |
|
|
Term
| what are most cases of cellulitis caused by? |
|
Definition
| staph aureus and strepto Group A |
|
|
Term
| what antibiotics can you use on cellulitis? |
|
Definition
| the anti-staphyloccal penicillins: Nafcillin, Oxacillin, Dicloxacillin. |
|
|
Term
| why wouldn't you use natural penicillins on cellulitis? |
|
Definition
| staphylococcus aureus makes penicllinase |
|
|
Term
| what is the difference between natural and amino- penicillins? |
|
Definition
| aminopenicillins have same coverage but will also get some gram negatives |
|
|
Term
| Ampicillin and Amoxicillin are what type of penicillins? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| is Listeria (Gram+ rod; causative agent of meningitis) sensitive to aminopenicillins? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Piperacillin and Ticarcillin are what group of penicillins? |
|
Definition
| Anti-pseudomonal ureidopenicillins |
|
|
Term
| with the use of Anti-pseudomonal ureidopenicillins, do you gain or lose gram negative coverage? |
|
Definition
| GAIN! targets pseudomonas |
|
|
Term
| Clavulanate and tazobactam are inhibitors of what? |
|
Definition
| beta-lactamase. allows expanded coverage to include staphylococci (as well as some anaerobes) |
|
|
Term
| Does dicloxacillin have good activity against Group A streptococci and staphylococci? |
|
Definition
| yes, except if methicillin resistant |
|
|
Term
| does dicloxacillin have good activity against enterococcus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| does ampicillin have good activity against enterococcus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| does ampicillin have good activity against staphylococci? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which has activity against Pseudomonas and overall a wider gram negative spectrum; ampicillin or piperacillin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| does tazobactam further improve activity of piperacillin against pseudomonas? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| does piperacillin have good activity against staphylococci? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Does piperacillin-tazobactam have good activity against staphylococci? |
|
Definition
| yes, except if methicillin resistant |
|
|
Term
| does penicillin have good activity against oral anaerobes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Does penicillin have good activity against GI anaerobes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Do amoxicillin-clavulanate and piperacillin-tazobactam have good activity against GI anaerobes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens to the bug coverage of cephalosporins as you increase in generations? |
|
Definition
| increased gram negative coverage |
|
|
Term
| what generation do Cefazolin and Cephalexin belong to? |
|
Definition
| First generation Cephalosporins |
|
|
Term
| what do cefazolin and cephalexin cover? |
|
Definition
| Gram positives (MSSA, GABHS, Strep. pneumoniae) |
|
|
Term
| do any cephalosporins have activity against enterococcus? |
|
Definition
| No. no. no, and No. Know this! |
|
|
Term
| Do any beta-lactams have activity against MRSA? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cefuroxime and Cefoxitin are what generation Cephalosporins? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do Cefuroxime and Cefoxitin cover? |
|
Definition
| more gram neg. coverage particularly for better respiratory coverage. Unique Feature: They have decent ANAEROBIC COVERAGE! |
|
|
Term
| Ceftriaxone and Cefotaxime are what generation of cephalosporins? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are two unique features of Ceftriaxones and Cefotaxime? |
|
Definition
| Cross blood-brain barrier. Remember this! |
|
|
Term
| what causes Lyme Disease? |
|
Definition
| Borrelia burgdorferi. Treat it with Ceftriaxone =) |
|
|
Term
| what drug would you use to treat meningitis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| To what generation of cephalosporins does Cefepime belong? |
|
Definition
| Fourth. Expanded gram neg coverage |
|
|
Term
| can Cefepime cross the blood-brain barrier? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Nosocomial aspiration pneumonia is often caused by pseudomonas, enterobacter, klebsiella...Gram negatives in the hospital which are relatively drug-resistant. Which drug would you use to treat?
A) Cefazolin, B) Cefuroxime, C) Ceftriaxone, D) Cefepime |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Being that penicillins and cephalosporins are beta-lactams, do you have cross-reactivity? |
|
Definition
| Yes, it is about a 5-10% cross-allergenicity. |
|
|
Term
| As a general rule, 3rd and 4th generation cephalosporins have more less coverage against Gram neg bugs than the 1st generation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Does cefazolin have good activity against MSSA? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Can cefazolin be used to treat MSSA meningitis? |
|
Definition
| No, cefazolin doesnt cross blood brain barrier |
|
|
Term
| can ceftriaxone be used to treat Neisseria miningitides meningitis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Does ceftriaxone have good activity against pseudomonas? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which cephalosporin has the most activity against pseudomonas? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which cephalosporin has activity against anaerobes? |
|
Definition
| Cefoxitin and cefotetan (2nd) |
|
|
Term
| which cephalosporin has activity against enterococci? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which cephalosporin has activity against MRSA? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what component of the bacterial cell wall is a key target of beta lactam antibiotics? |
|
Definition
| peptidoglycan synthesis--crosslinking by transpeptidases |
|
|
Term
| which has coverae against enterococcus: penicillins (ampicillin) or cephalosporin (cefazolin)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does piperacillin-tazobactam cover that ampicillin-sulbactam doesnt? |
|
Definition
| piperacillin-tazobactam covers a wide range of gram negative bacteria, including pseudomonas. |
|
|
Term
| which has broad coverage against anaerobes: amoxicillin-clavulanate or cefepime? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when a patient has a penicillin allergy with mild rash, is it okay to treat with cephalosporin? |
|
Definition
| yes. cross-reaction is 5-10%. Don't do this with a patient who had anaphylaxis though! be a good doctor. |
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