Term
| Penicillin G and Penicillin VK |
|
Definition
streptococci, enterococci, anaerobes (except Bacteroides fragilis), spirochetes (e.g., syphilis)
Most Staphylococcus aureus resistant |
|
|
Term
| Nafcillin and Dicloxacillin |
|
Definition
S. aureus, S. epidermidis, streptococci
Lose activity against enterococci, anaerobes, and spirochetes |
|
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Term
| Ampicillin and Amoxicillin |
|
Definition
streptococci, enterococci, Listeria monocytogenes, β-lactamase negative Escherichia coli, Haemophilus influenzae, and Moraxella catarrhalis
Staphylococcus aureus resistant |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and retains activity of ampicillin
Staphylococcus aureus resistant |
|
|
Term
| Amoxicillin/Clavulanate and Ampicillin/Sulbactam |
|
Definition
Same as for ampicillin
Plus S. aureus, B. fragilis, some resistant gram negative rods |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Same as for piperacillin
Plus S. aureus, B. fragilis, resistant gram negative rods including Pseudomonas aeruginosa |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Streptococci, Staphylococcus aureus, sensitive E. coli and Klebsiella spp.
Skin and bone infections
Surgical prophylaxis |
|
|
Term
Cefuroxime (IV)
Cefuroxime axetil (oral |
|
Definition
Improved gram negative coverage including β-lactamase positive H. influenzae and Neisseria spp.; slightly reduced gram positive activity
Inner ear infections, sinusitis |
|
|
Term
Ceftriaxone (IV)
Cefotaxime (IV)
Cefpodoxime (oral) |
|
Definition
Improved gram negative activity; retain gram positive activity of 1st generation drugs
community acquired pneumonia
CNS infections |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Resistant gram negative rods including Pseudomonas; loses gram positive activity
Nosocomial infections |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Excellent gram positive and gram negative activity, including Pseudomonas
Nosocomial infections |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A ‘monobactam’ β-lactam antibiotic
Broad anti-gram negative activity including Pseudomonas aeruginosa
No gram positive or anaerobic activity
No cross-allergenicity with the penicillins |
|
|
Term
| Carbapenems (Imipenem and Meropenem) |
|
Definition
| Gram positive cocci, gram negative rods and resistant gram negative rods (Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterobacter spp.), and anaerobes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Bactericidal for gram positive organisms
Used for drug-resistant gram positive infections (including methicillin-resistant S. aureus) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Narrow spectrum—gram positive bacteria
useful for treatment of infections due to resistant gram positive cocci including MRSA and vancomycin resistant enterococci (VRE) |
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|
Term
| Aminoglycosides (Gentamicin) |
|
Definition
Bactericidal
Effective against many gram-negative rods
Synergistic with cell wall active agents (β-lactams and vancomycin) for gram positive cocci |
|
|
Term
| Tetracyclines (Doxycycline) |
|
Definition
Bacteriostatic
Active against many gram positive and gram negative bacteria, mycoplasmas, chlamydiae, and rickettsiae |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Bacteriostatic or bactericidal depending on the bacterium
Active against many gram positive and gram negative bacteria (including anaerobes)
Bactericidal against H. influenzae, S. pneumoniae, and N. meningitidis
Used widely for treatment of bacterial meningitis |
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|
Term
| The Macrolides: Erythromycin, Azithromycin, and Clarithromycin |
|
Definition
Bacteriostatic
Active against streptococci, S. aureus, and atypical bacteria including mycoplasma, chlamydiae, and legionella.
Azithromycin and Clarithromycin also active against H. influenzae
Used for pneumonia, upper respiratory infections, genital chlamydia infections |
|
|
Term
| lincosamides (clindamycin) |
|
Definition
Bacteriostatic
gram positive cocci, anaerobes (not B. fragilis)
Used for dental infections or mixed infections with anaerobes
Associated with Clostridium difficile colitis |
|
|
Term
| oxazolidinone (Linezolid) |
|
Definition
bacteriostatic or bactericidal
developed for treatment of resistant gram positive cocci (MRSA, VRE) |
|
|
Term
| Streptogramins (Quinupristin/Dalfopristin (Synercid)) |
|
Definition
bacteriostatic or bactericidal
developed for treatment of resistant S. aureus (MRSA) |
|
|
Term
| Trimethoprim/Sulfmethoxazole |
|
Definition
Bactericidal in combination
Active against many gram positive and gram negative organisms
Simple urinary tract infections
Most community-acquired MRSA
Active against many non-bacterial pathogens
Pneumocystis jiroveci
Prophylaxis for immunocompromised patients |
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|
Term
|
Definition
Urinary tract pathogens
Treatment of urinary tract infections |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Gram negative bacteria including Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Staphylococci
Atypical bacteria--chlamydiae, mycoplasma, legionella |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Slightly less gram negative activity than 2nd generation
Streptococci
Treatment of pneumonia |
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|
Term
|
Definition
Retain activities of 2nd and 3rd generation drugs
Anaerobes |
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