Term
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Definition
| Class-Antivirals
Mechanism-several mechanisms including penetration, uncoating, genome replication, assembly, release
Include: (Enfuvirtide); (Amantadine); (AZT; Lamivudine; Nevirapine; Foscarnet; Acyclovir; Ribavirin); (Ataznavir; Saquinavir; Lopinavir; HAART); (Relenza; Tamiflu)
Special-viruses use host cell organelles for replication so very difficult to target and avoid damage to human cells |
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Term
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Definition
| Class-Anti-attachment drugs
Mechanism- blocks HIV entry by blocking the entry of virus into Th (helper T) cells (KNOW)
Target-HIV
Special-none |
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Term
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Definition
| Class-Anti-uncoating/anti-penetration drug
Mechanism-inhibits uncoating by targeting viral protein M2 required for uncoating; therefore virus cannot penetrate
Target-Influenza A
Special-mild CNS toxicity (dizziness, malaise)*; must take AT the time of infection; concern with resistance via alteration of M2 |
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Term
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Definition
| Class-NRTI (nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor) aka anti-retrovirals
Mechanism-inhibits reverse transcriptase at the ACTIVE site, leading to cDNA chain termination
Target-HIV
Special-bone marrow toxicity*, headache*, nausea*; drug is not highly selective so dose limited on how much you can give a person w/AIDS before it's toxic; high affinity by HIV reverse transcriptase so difficulty keeping high concentrations of AZT for long-term |
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Term
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Definition
| Class-NRTI (nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor) aka anti-retrovirals
Mechanism-inhibits reverse transcriptase, leading to cDNA chain termination at active site
Target-HIV
Special-newer form NRTI with fewer side effects |
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Term
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Definition
| Class-NNRTI (non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor)
Mechanism-binds to reverse transcriptase near active site inhibiting proper production of cDNA
Target-HIV
Special-severe risk of hepatic toxicity |
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Term
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Definition
| Class-NNRTI (non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor)
Mechanism-binds to reverse transcriptase near active site inhibiting proper production of cDNA
Target-HIV
Special-has a longer half-life than its counterpart Nevirapine (once a day dosing), BUT CNS side effects (peripheral neuropathy*, pancreatitis*, lactic acidosis*) |
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Term
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Definition
| Class-targets genome replication
Mechanism-binds to viral DNA polymerase, inhibiting further activity
Target-resistant Herpes simplex virus =HSV (only used for serious viral illnesses)
Special-toxic with many s/e (electrolyte d/o) since viruses and humans both have DNA polymerase (although drug has higher affinity for viral polymerase) |
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Term
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Definition
| Class-protease inhibitor
Mechanism-inhibits HIV-1 protease (an enzyme used to cleave proteins needed for final virion assembly)
Target-HIV, Hep C
Special-multiple drug interactions; GI intolerance |
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Term
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Definition
| Class-nucleoside analog/DNA chain terminator (NRTI?)
Mechanism-activated by viral TK to AcyGTP, inhibits viral thymidine kinase (anti-Herpes)*** which then inhibits DNA polymerase
Target-Herpes simplex (HSV)**, VZV (varicella-zoster)
Special-decreases shedding and recurrence compared to placebo; excellent selectivity because drug has high affinity for viral enzyme and low affinity for human enzyme since we target the step before DNA polymerase; *toxicity includes anorexia, nausea, headache, rash*
Dosage*-recurrent infection po 3xday for 1 year; intermittent infection po 5xday for 5 days |
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Term
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Definition
| Class-nucleoside analog/DNA chain terminator
Mechanism-inhibits viral DNA polymerase, resulting in termination of elongation of viral DNA
Target-CMV (cytomegalovirus)
Special-may cause retinitis; give parenteral |
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Term
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Definition
| Class-nucleoside analog (look like nucleotides and when plugged in they damage or terminate DNA)
Mechanism-leads to error-prone formation of DNA
Target-viral infections like HCV (HepC virus); also for respiratory syncytial virus in children*
Special-due to amt of side effects, given with INF(alpha) that has been pegylated (bound up) with polyethylene glycol which interfers with viral synthesis |
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Term
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Definition
| Class-protease inhibitor
Mechanism-interfers with HIV-1 protease that cleaves between Gag and Pol
Target-HIV
Special-none. |
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Term
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Definition
| Class-protease inhibitor
Mechanism-inhibits HIV-1 protease (an enzyme used to cleave proteins needed for final virion assembly)
Target-HIV
Special-soft-gel capsule to improve low bioavailability; taken with P450 (CYP3A) inhibitor ritonavir to boost their effective levels (Also true for Lopinavir and Ataznavir); drug interactions with anesthetics and anticoagulants* |
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Term
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Definition
- Highly affective antiretroviral therapy
- A combination of drugs including DNA chain termination and protease inhibitors drugs. This helps to stop virus from replicating and decreases chance of mutation
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Term
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Definition
| Class-neuraminidase inhibitors
Mechanism-inhibits viral neuraminidase which prevents release and uptake of new virions
Target-Influenza A & B
Special-treat early if possible; taken orally; can shorten flu infection |
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Term
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Definition
| Class-neuraminidase inhibitors
Mechanism-inhibits viral neuraminidase which prevents release and uptake of new virions
Target-Influenza A & B
Special-treat early if possible; inhalable; can shorten flu infection (equivalent to oral Tamiflu agent) |
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Term
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Definition
| Class-endogenous glycoprotein
Mechanism-the process of putting recombinant DNA from the virus into a bacterium to make endless supplies of viral proteins which can then be given to a patient to interfer with viral synthesis activities (INF-alpha)
Target-chronic viral hepatitis
Special-parenteral; very toxic |
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Term
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Definition
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Class-Antiviral
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Mechanism-pyrimidine analog
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Target-Herpes keratitis (antiherpetic activity)
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Cidal/Static-
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Special-Competitive antagonist of thymidine; topical medication; also Trifluridine
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Term
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Definition
Class-Anti-retrovirals
Mechanism-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI) or non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTI) or protease inhibitors (PI)
Target-HIV
Includes: AZT (NRTI); Norvir/Rayatax (PI); Efavirenz (NNRTI) |
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