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Details Title: Anthropology Test 4 Description: Microevolution Total Flash Cards: 47 Created: 05/01/2006 16:26:39	To study from this set of flash cards, or to create your own your own study flash cards, register HERE. If you are already a registered user, CLICK HERE.
Cards Term Date Neandertals lived Definition 300,000 yrs ago -> 30,000 yrs ago During the last major glaciation (75,000 -> 10,000 yrs ago) Term Neandertal discovery Definition First fossil hominid EVER discovered in 1856 in Neander Valley People thought it was a patholigcal freak or odity Term Neandertal physicality Definition Cranial capacity LARGER than modern humans: 1,500 cc (big brains increase metabolic efficiency in cold weather) Cranium is large, long, low, and bulging (LLLB); more vertical forehead than H. erectus, brow ridges arch instead of straight bar Robust, barrel chested, powerfully muscled Term Neandertal fossils Definition La Chapelle-aux-Saints -> arthritis, missing teeth, buried in a shallow grave; evidence of altruism Shanidar 1 -> one-armed, partially blind, crippled Term Anatomically Modern Humans timeline Definition Living in Europe 35,000 yrs ago Overlapped with Neandertals -> N's borrowed technological methods and tools Possible hybridization (4 yr old boy in Portugal that shows traits similar to both) Term Neandertal tools Definition Mousterian Term Homo sapiens neandertalensis Definition Named as a sub-species of Homo sapiens Term Are Neandertals ancestors of modern European H. sapiens? Definition mtDNA shows Neandertal-to-human differences are 3 times as great as human-to-human variability Term Homo sapien evolution Definition Probably evolved from H. erectus 500,000 yrs ago Transitional fossils have low, sloping forehead; large brow ridge; large cranial capacity Term Single Origin Theory Definition Complete Replacement Model; Recent African Evolution Modern humans evolved in one part of the OW fairly recently, then spread to other parts of the world and replaced regional inhabitants Term Multi-Regional Theory Definition Regional Continuity Model Modern humans emerged in various parts of the OW simultaneously, which accounts for human variation Term Upper Paleolithic/Later Stone Age Definition 40,000 yrs ago -> 14-10,000 yrs ago Term Cultural changes during the Upper Paleolithic Definition Toolkit included blades, burins, bone/antler tools, microliths People were hunters, gatherers, and fishers; nomads; lived in the open, in caves, and in rock shelters New techniques in toolmaking Emergence of art Population of growth New inventions Term Inventions of the Upper Paleolithic Definition Bow and arrow Spear thrower (atlatl) Harpoon Term Humans in the NW Definition Migrated over the land bridge between Siberia and Alaska Evidence of humans in S. America as early as 12,500 -> 33,000 yrs ago Term Macroevolution Definition Large-scale evolutionary changes that may require many hundreds of generations Only detectable paleontologically Term Microevolution Definition Small-scale evolutionary changes that occur over the span of a few generations Can be detected in living populations Helps explain the variation in modern humans today Term Population Definition Within a species, the community of individuals where mates are usually found Term Breeding isolates Definition Populations that are clearly isolated geographically or socially from other breeding groups Term Endogamy Definition Mating with others from the same group Term Exogamy Definition Mating with individuals from other groups Term Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium Definition Equation expressing the predicted distribution of alleles in populations under ideal conditions Hypothetical state that describes a population that is not evolving p2+2pq+q2=1 (p = frequency of dominant alleles, q = frequency of recessive alleles) Term Factors that initiate changes in allele frequencies - and CAN'T be present for the Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium to apply Definition Production of new variations (mutation); Redistribution of variation through gene flow (exchange of genes between populations, or migration); Redistribution of variation through genetic drift (evolutionary changes produced by random factors) Select advantageous allele combinations that promote reproductive success Term Factors necessary for the Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium to apply Definition The population should be infinately large; Mating should be random; Term Definition of evolution Definition A change in allele frequencies from one generation to the next (the proportion of ps and qs in a population) The total of allele frequencies must equal 100% - evolution is a change in these proportions Term Polymorphisms Definition A genetic trait with more than one allele in appreciable frequency (more than one allele for any one locus) Used to document genetic differences among various populations The result of additional evolutionary factors (gene flow/drift, nat. selection) Term ABO blood group system Definition A or B rarely reach frequencies of 50% A peaks among BlAckfoot Indians; B is v. rare, prolly absent in pre-Colombian NW; O approaches 100% in S. American Indians Term Polytypic Definition Species composed of populations that differ with respect to the expression of one or more traits All humans are members of the same polytypic speices Term Uses for the term "race" Definition Biologically used to mean "species" and "lineage" Culturally used interchangeably with "ethnicity", "nationality", and "ancestry" Term Why defining race is difficult Definition Most traits show a continuous range of expression; There is often more genetic variation within groups than between groups; The genetic makeup of a population is dynamic and changes over time; There may be many individuals within a group that don't conform to all aspects of its profile Term Monogenism Definition Historical view on human variation; Everyone descended from one pair (Adam and Eve?) but differ due to occypying different habitats Term Polygenism Definition Historical view on human variation; We're not all descended from one pair; there were several pairs, each giving rise to a different group Term Biological determinism Definition There is an association between physical characteristics and behavioral characteristics (e.g. skin color and intelligence) Term Eugenics Definition Theory of "race improvement" through forced sterilization of some and increased reproduction of others Term Reasons for physical variation Definition Phenotypic variation is the result of adaptation to environmental conditions; result from the body's attempt to maintain homeostasis during stress Term Long-term changes to environmental change Definition Reflected in a population or species; e.g. sweating or deeply pigmented skin Term Short-term changes to environmental change Definition Occur within individuals and is known as acclimatization; e.g. tanning, increased hemoglobin production Term Adaptation to darkly pigmented skin Definition Increased level of melanin in dark skin provides protection from harmful UV rays that are more powerful near the equator; Occurs in people who live closer to the tropics Term Adaptation to light colored skin Definition UV light is necessary for the synthesis of Vitamin D, which the body needs to produce health bones; light skin allows the body to absorb UV radiation in northern latitudes where clothing and decreased intensity of UV rays decrease access Term Short-term adaptation to heat Definition Sweat glands provide evaporative cooling; Vasodilation allows heat from blood vessels to be released at the skin Term Short-term adaptation to cold Definition Vasoconstriction restricts blood flow to the skin and reduces heat loss; Increased metabolic rate; Shivering Term Long-term adaptation to temperature Definition Bergman's Rule: increased body mass has a proportinately smaller surface area to let out heat; Allen's Rule: longer limbs have a larger surface area available to let off heat and are therefore selected for in hot climates Term Stresses high altitude places on the body Definition Intense solar radiation; Cold temperatures; Low humidity; Wind; Reduced nutritional base; Rough terrain; Hypoxia (puts the greatest amount of stress on the heart, lungs, and brain) Term Reproductive acclimatizations to high-altitude living Definition Increased rates of infant mortality and miscarriage; Low birth weight and slowed growth and maturation Term Adult acclimatizations to high-altitude living Definition Increased respiration; Increased production of red blood cells; Increased heart rate Term Developmental acclimatizations to high-altitude living Definition Increased lung capacity; Increased efficiency at diffusing oxygen Term Populational acclimatizations to high-altitude living Definition Altered blood-flow to the uterus during pregnancy; More efficient burning of glucose