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| mutual give-and-take among people of equal status. |
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giving and receiving goods with no immediate or specific return expected.
example: relationship between mother and child. kung hunters' meat |
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the giving and receiving of goods of nearly equal value with a clear obligation of a return gift within a specified time limit.
example: kula ring or western gifts |
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unsociable extreme, exchange conducted for the purpose of material advantage and the desire to get something for nothing.
example: stealing |
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| exchange in which goods are collected and then distributed to members of a group. redistribution may either increase or decrease inequality within a society. |
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| an economic system in which goods and services are bought and sold at a money price determined primarily by the forces of supply and demand. seen in most of the world's societies today. rules of even trade are not always in force. |
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| world's predominant economic system. an economic system in which people work for wages, land and capital goods are privately owned, and capital is invested for profit. |
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| economy does not always mean maximizing profit. the value of workers' contribution to production is always intended to be greater than the wages they receive. difference between work put in (value of your contribution to production) and wages being paid. (from worker's point of view) |
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| the customs, rules, and obligations that establish a special relationship between sexually cohabiting adults between them and any children they take responsibility for and between the kin of the married couple. based on idea of mating. descent is based on idea of birth. |
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| a culturally defined relationship established through blood ties or marriage. |
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nuclear families are organized around the conjugal tie- relationship between husband and wife. the extended family is based on consanguineal- blood relations extending over 3 or more generations.
noncogible family- woman and her children.
cogible family- father or step father along with woman and children.
extended family- 3 generations or more related by blood. |
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| Post-marital residence patterns |
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Definition
neolocal:
individualistic- independence trained
emphasis on nuclear family; 5% of population.
partilocal:
with husband's family
where men work together (hunting, agriculture)
matrilocal:
with wife's family
where women work together (horticulture, men leaving groups)
avunculocal:
with husband's mother's brother
matrilineal societies where man inherits from maternal uncle |
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| a rule allowing more than one spouse. |
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| a rule permitting a husband to have more than one wife at a time. |
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| a rule permitting a wife to have more than one husband at a time. |
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| an alternative gender role in India conceptualized as neither man nor woman. although born male, they are considered neither man nor woman. Hijras undergo an operation in which their genitals are surgically removed. |
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| the cultural and social classification of masculine and feminine. gender is social, cultural, and psychological constructs. cultural construction/ classification |
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| the biological difference between male and female. biological, reproductive endowment. |
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Term
Rite of passage (3 phases)
Separation, Transition, Incorporation |
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Definition
a ritual that moves an individual from one social status to another.
transition is liminality.
liminality is the phase between identities (ex: engaged)
separation- little attention
transition (liminality)- MOST attention
incorporation- much attention |
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| the question of why in almost all cultures masculinity is viewed not as a natural state but as a problematic status to be won through overcoming obstacles. |
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| a male-dominated society in which all important public and private power is held by men. almost universal. |
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| a female-dominated society in which all important public and private power is held by women. exists in very few societies. |
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| the patterned ways in which power is legitimately used in a society to regulate behavior,maintain social order, make collective decisions, and deal with social disorder. the distribution and use of power interacts with other aspects of society and the role of culture in maintaining and contesting the political status quo. |
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| the attempt of a group within society to force a redistribution of resources and power. |
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| an attempt to overthrow an existing form of political organization. |
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| the relative access individuals and groups have to basic material resources, wealth, power, and prestige. |
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| a society in which no individual or group has more privileged access to resources, power, or prestige than any other. |
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| a society characterized by institutionalized differences in prestige but no important restrictions on access to basic resources. |
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| a society characterized by formal, permanent social and economic inequality in which some people are denied access to basic resources. |
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| a small group of people related by blood or marriage, who live together and are loosely associated with a territory in which they forage. foragers, usually egalitarian, who exchange goods through generalized reciprocity. there is little social differentiation, and their political institutions are embedded in other aspects of society, such as kinship and religion. P.200 |
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Definition
| a culturally distinct population whose members consider themselves descended from the same ancestor. horticulturalists or herders, generally egalitarian, who have balanced reciprocity as their major means of exchange. political organization is closely intertwined with other social institutions. power and authority are mainly rooted in religious or kinship roles, but there are also some social roles that are specifically political. |
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Definition
| like tribes, are organized through kinship ties. a society with social ranking in which political integration is achieved through an office of centralized leadership called the chief. redistribution, mainly through the chief, is the central mechanism of exchange, and there are important differences in wealth and status among society's members. chiefdoms are generally found among productive horticulturalists and herders. great diversity among chiefdoms. "an autonomous political unit comprising a number of villages or communities under the permanent control of a paramount chief." chiefdoms are made up of social parts that are structurally and functionally different from one another, centralized leadership. |
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Definition
| P. 208 characterized by centralized governments, differentiated from other social institutions, with control over use of legitimate force, market exchanges, and social inequalities. usually based on agriculture, industry, or in the contemporary world, a postindustrial service economy. dominated by market exchange and have a high degree of social stratification. |
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Definition
| a form of redistribution involving competitive feasting practiced among Northwest Coast Native Americans. the leader called on his followers to supply food and other goods to be consumed and distributed during a feast to which he invited group members and rivals. potlaching involved friendship but also competition and rivalry. the drive for prestige encouraged people to produce much more than they would otherwise. |
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| Malinowski, a pattern of exchange among trading partners in the South Pacific Islands. an extensive system of intertribal trade among the inhabitants of a ring of islands of New Guinea. |
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| the (usually elite) construction of ideologies, beliefs, and values that attempt to justify the stratification system in a state society. two parties involved, one usually with more power than the other, both benefit, usually one with protection or redistributed wealth. the dominance the state achieves through the internalization of elite values by those in the larger society. |
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Definition
| material goods, natural resources or information used to create other goods or information. |
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Term
| Unilineal kinship systems |
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Definition
| a rule specifying that membership in a descent group is based on links through either the maternal line of the paternal line, but not both. |
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Term
| Bilateral kinship systems |
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Definition
| system of descent under which individuals are equally affiliated with their mother's and their father's descent groups. |
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Definition
| a rule prescribing that person must marry within a particular group. |
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| a rule specifying that a person must marry outside a particular group. |
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Definition
| chooses to stay in the place they migrated too. |
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| someone who eventually returns back to home. |
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"One of the most sexually naive of the world's societies." there appears to be widespread ignorance in Inis Beag of the female capacity for orgasm, which in any case is considered deviant behavior.
P. 175 in book |
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Term
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Definition
Gloria's restaurant.
marginal community.
"communitas" a word for a sense of community during the liminal phase. |
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Definition
| the place where you had to wait to cross. symbolism of the threshold, the place in between. it's liminal |
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| When all the American citizens would park their cars near the Mexican/American border and shine their headlights at night to limit the amount of people illegally entering the country. |
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Definition
P.210 in book
anthropologist emphasizes the importance of ecological factors in the emergence of the Inca Empire. |
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Term
| Global economy and status of women |
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Definition
P. 133-134
Women's status in modern, stratified societies varies greatly and is affected in various ways by economic development, political ideology, and globalization. women have been highly involved in the global economy, primarily through the expansion of industrial production by multinational corporations in Latin America, Asia, and Africa. women are exploited as cheap labor and work under sweatshop conditions in factories producing for the global market. |
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P.186
Among the Tuareg of the Central Sahara, for example, women generally have high prestige and substantial influence. The Tuareg, who are Muslims of Berber origin, herd camels, sheep, goats, and donkeys. As a matrilineal society, Tuareg women enjoy considerable rights and privileges. |
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P.183 P. 205
Highly sex segregated and male dominated. tribal society that experiences both warfare and a high level of personal violence. |
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P.182-183
A foraging society in which women traditionally had equal power and prestige with men. Important Tligit social roles are based on individual ability, training, and personality rather than on gender. Both Tlingit women and men achieve prestige through their own efforts and their own kin relationships. society with one of the most equal status between men and women |
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P.142-143
The Na do not practice marriage, nor do they even have a word for it. All sexual activity takes place during a concealed visit of a Na male to the house of a woman who has agreed beforehand to lie with him. |
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| extensive cultivation, land is communally owned by an extended kin group. Invests a great deal of labor in clearing, cultivating, and maintaining land. redistribution is important. horticulture- farming method using handtools. |
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| Two-spirits, mahu, and kathoey |
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Definition
P.171
India is only one of the many societies throughout the world where cultural support is given to individuals who transcend or bridge the differences between male and female. Among these are the mahu of Polynesia, the zanith of Oman on the Saudi Arabian peninsula, the two-spirit found in many Native-American tribes, the travesti of Brazil, the kathoey of Thailand... Most of these roles involve males who adopt women work, dress, and behavior, but there are female alternative gender roles as well. |
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1942-1964
U.S. government instituted the Bracero Program as a short-term solution to the agricultural labor shortage created by the influx of American men into the armed services during World War II. The program allowed American employers to hire, under contract, Mexican laborers for specific periods of time, usually a few months. program established by U.S. government to allow people to cross border to come work, due to shortage of laborers. |
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| Kula Ring exchange system |
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Definition
| kula ring trade moves two types of prestige goods from island to island around the kula circle. although kula items can be permanently owned and can be taken out of circulation, people generally hold them for a while and then pass them on. kula trading partnerships are lifelong affairs, and their details are fixed by tradition. kula trading increases the islanders' consumption of a wide range of goods, particularly those they do not produce. circle of trade. |
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