Term
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Definition
-Bio and culture closely linked
-One can't be explained without the other
EX: meat eating to brain size |
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Term
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Definition
| Time is human construct that in Western societies goes in a line |
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Term
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Definition
| What can we learn from our trash? |
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Term
| 4 tenets of natural selection |
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Definition
1) more organisms are produced than can survive
2)organisms within a species vary in their traits
3)Some of this variation is inherited
4)Only the fittest survive |
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Term
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Definition
Hominins have:
-larger brains
-conspicuous sexual organs
-concealed estrus
-extended infancy
-no opposable toe
-bipedal |
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Term
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Definition
"Ardi"=ground living hominid.
-5.8-4.4 mya
-Ethiopia |
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Term
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Definition
tchadensis "the sahara hominin of chad"
-earliest known hominin fossil
-6-7 mya |
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Term
| Australopithecus afarensis |
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Definition
"Lucy" (Donald Johanson)
-3.9-2.9 mya
-Biped that could swing in trees |
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Term
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Definition
Mosaic of primitive and newer features
-Gracile
-3.5-2mya |
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Term
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Definition
-Brain size>6000cc
-Language (endocast)
-Opposable thumbs
-Stone tools |
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Term
| 3 models for acquiring meat |
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Definition
1)Hunting
2)Active Scavenging-fighting off predators
3)Passive scavenging-taking meat from dead carcasses |
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Term
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Definition
| The study of decaying or fossilized organisms |
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Term
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Definition
2 mya
-many creatures lived along the lake it used to be
-4000+ bones including hundreds of hominins
-Leakey Legacy
-Processing site? |
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Term
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Definition
"Handy man" (first stone tool maker)
-2.5mya
-larger brains than Australopithecines
-Oldowan tool culture |
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Term
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Definition
2.5mya created from river-worn cobbles
-Cores
-Flakes
-Debitage (trash)
-Hammer stones |
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Term
| Matuyama-Brunhes Boundary |
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Definition
Division b/w lower and middle pleistocene (~780kya)
-Marked by abrupt reversal in magnetic field
-climatic instability |
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Term
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Definition
Homo ergaster
-had new ligament to support head
-were probably shorter and fatter than we once thought |
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Term
| Sites associated with ergaster, erectus |
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Definition
-Zhoukoundian, China-"peeking man", fire, lots of bones, one of first erectus
-Atapuecca, Spain-(~900kya), 4 erectus, cannibals, stone tools |
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Term
| Acheulian tools and their global distribution |
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Definition
-Used by erectus
-more cutting surface
-cleaver + hand ax
--Movius line theory
-loss of hand ax indicated diff selection of raw materials in asia
-or-
-Hominids that went to asia left before africans invented it |
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Term
| Sites associated with archaic Homo sapiens |
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Definition
Schoningen, Germany-bone tools, schoningen wooden spears
-Borgrove site, England-(500kya), multiple tools, hole in horse same size as spear, more cannibalism |
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Term
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Definition
150-27 kya
-W. Europe
-Anatomically close to sapiens but larger brains, shorter and more robust
-buried with possessions in flexed positions
-may have interbred
-Mousterian tool tradition-more complex |
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Term
| What differentiates modern humans from other members of our genus? |
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Definition
more gracile, larger brains
-most diff with behaviors and tech advancement |
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Term
| 2 models for human dispersal |
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Definition
1)Out of Africa/replacement
-humans evolved in africa 2kya then spread to europe (NO INTERBREEDING)
2)Multiregional model
-no single origin for humans
-Transmission of genes among individuals leads to modern humans |
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Term
| Earliest humans (H. Sapiens) in Africa |
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Definition
160kya, Herto, Ethiopia
-1450cc, tall cranium, non-projecting face |
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Term
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Definition
| Spear thing, could throw far and fast |
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Term
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Definition
| paintings found w/emphasis on pregnant animals=concern w/fertility? |
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Term
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Definition
Israel (100kya)
-coexisted w/neanderthal
-evidence of trade |
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Term
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Definition
Dolni Vestonice, Czech Republic
-800-900 mammoth remains
-100-125 people living there
-increased sedentism
-paralyzed face art |
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Term
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Definition
comprised of several hunter-gatherer societies
-"mammoth killers"
-hunted from a distance |
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Term
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Definition
comprised of several hunter-gatherer societies
-"mammoth killers"
-hunted from a distance |
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Term
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Definition
Bering Strait (15-10kya)
-most likely entrance into N. America |
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Term
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Definition
seen in Asians and Native Americans
-evidence for bering land bridge |
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Term
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Definition
8.4kya
-found alone w/tool embedded in pelvis |
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Term
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Definition
| Native American Grace Protection and Repatriation Act (1940) |
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Term
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Definition
Bi-face tools
-used for smaller game
-similar to clovis |
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Term
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Definition
Tool culture (~11.5kya)
-fluted points (N. America ONLY)
-used for megafauna
-similar to tools used in Europe at the time |
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Term
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Definition
Some believe we were in N. America 15-50kya
-Topper site (50kya?) |
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Term
| 2 hypotheses for the extinction of megafauna |
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Definition
1)over kill hypothesis
-But many had already disappeared
2) Climatic Instability
-great variation in mean temps, harder on large animals |
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Term
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Definition
| runs through wallancea, separates the unique flora and fauna of Australia from Asia |
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Term
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Definition
Very short (3.4ft tall)
-stone flakes and tools
-endemic dwarfing from isolation |
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Term
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Definition
457 footprints, wider spread toes
-could run very fast |
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Term
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Definition
40kya
-first cremated remains |
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Term
| Attributes of complexity (Agriculture) |
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Definition
higher pop density
-diverse specialized diet
-food storage
-sedentism
-trading
-division of labor |
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Term
| “Garden of Eden” theory vs. Last Resort Theory |
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Definition
--“Garden of Eden” theory
-Abundance of seafood allowed for sedentism, pop increased
--Last Resort Theory
-Aquatic resources were a last resort caused by pop pressures |
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Term
| 5 long-term technological developments |
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Definition
1)Diminution of toolkits
-gradual downsizing of tools
2)Bow+arrow
-very accurate, portable
3)Specialized tool kit
-tools made for specific tasks
4)Intensive exploitation
-Harvesting of local resources for later use
5)Storage
-Baskets |
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Term
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Definition
1)Horticulture
2)pastoralism
3)agriculture |
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Term
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Definition
Domesticated for meat or protection
-first was dog (45-10kya)
-choose animals based on behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| Manipulating the reproduction and harvesting of something |
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Term
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Definition
| Study of prehistoric use of plants |
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Term
| Population Pressure Hypothesis |
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Definition
Farming is much more labor intensive than hunting and gathering
-may have been last resort due to increased populations |
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Term
| Health consequences of domestication |
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Definition
less healthy diet but softer on the teeth
-infectious disease
-Nutritional deficiencies
-De-generative conditions |
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