Details Title: Anthro 102 final Description: terms in archaeology Total Flash Cards: 58 Created: 05/05/2009 13:00:51		New Users: To study from this flashcard set, or to create your own your own study flash cards, REGISTER HERE. Existing Users: CLICK HERE. Additional Anthropology Flashcards
Cards in this set: Term subfields of anthro Definition linguistic, socio-cultural, biological, archaeology, Term archaeology Definition The study of past cultures based upon their material remains, such as architecture, housewares, tools, and art forms. Term culture Definition The learned beliefs, knowledge, practices, and behavior with which people live as a group. Term "a culture" Definition same thing as "a society" Term Holism Definition To understand a particular culture, you must understand how all of its components (such as religion, economy, politics, and kinship) function in interaction with one another. Term cultural relativism Definition Any particular behavior within a culture should be analyzed and understood by placing it in the context of a holistic view of that culture, its history and multiple components. Term Nonjudgmental implication Definition Some argue that this means there are no universal standards by which a cultural practice can be judged as appropriate or not. Term Context and judgment Definition Others argue that even after understanding a particular cultural practice by placing it within the context of a holistic view of the culture that produces that behavior, we can still make basic humanistic judgments of whether that practice is appropriate. Term Cultural Resource Management," Definition required by federal and state laws, drives a majority of archaeology projects today. Term 5,009 B.P corresponds to what date in the B.C.E. system. Definition 3,000 B.C.E. Term Modern form of archaeology could not exist until it was widely held that: Definition the human past is knowablethis past is of considerable time depthvalid and reliable means of measuring past time can be developed. Term James Hutton Definition 1785 A.D., argued that geological strata can be studied systematically, with layering showing great time depth. Term Charles Lyell Definition 1833 A.D., argued that different strata and types of bedrock formed over very long periods --millions of years --through uniform, slow processes; proposed "uniformitarianism" versus sudden "creation" Term Jacques Boucher de Perthes Definition 1841 A.D., excavating in deep stone quarries in France, finds stone hand axes with remains of extinct animals in deep strata, and argues for great antiquity of humankind. Term Inductive method Definition empirical science, "objective" observations of things and events, generalization statements (observe and make general comments) Term Deductive method Definition proposition or hypothesis, method to test hypothesis, data set to examine to test hypothesis (need to form hypothesis and try to prove it) Term Seriation Definition Compare differential popularities in style trends for particular artifact types from site to site, Term "Chronometric" Definition dating techniques are also often called "absolute" dating techniques. Term Dendrochronology Definition tree ring counting Term Lewis Binford and Stanley South Definition proponents of the adaptive view of culture Term ideational view of cultures Definition cultures are shaped by internal dynamics (ex: individuals (self aggrandizers)) environment only places constraints on what is possible and sustainable Term adaptive view of cultures Definition "culture" is humankind's "extrasomatic means of adaptation" to the surrounding environment Term Oldowan tools Definition Homo-habilis, 2.6-1.5 mya, hammer, core, flakes (flakes=tool) Term Acheulean tools Definition homo erectus and hiedelbergensis 1.6mya-300 thousand years ago,characterized by large tools 4 main types. handaxw: large bifacially flaked tool, resembles a tear drop. Cleaver: edge is perpendicular to the handle Pick: just like a handaxe but it doesn't have the edge, just a point. smaller than handaxe knife: small and thin Term Middle stone age tools Definition homosapiens and neanderthals, 300-40 kya, defined by Levallois tools (predetermined shape) and composite tools (made of different materials) Term late stone age tools Definition homo sapien (40-10 kya) characterized by microliths (disposable blades and burins (the mounting for the blade). Also, bone tools became used during this period and atlatl's were used in hunting. Artwork as well Term Childe Definition "Oasis hypothesis" low amounts of resources leads populations to congregate in oases with plentiful resources Term Binford Definition ""Packing Hypothesis": low resources lead populations to broaden their staple diet Term Cauvin Definition Term factors impacting modes of exchange and reciprocity Definition increasing social stratification, increasing specialization of labor, standardized medium of exchange (money) Term key features to state-level societies Definition urban populations monumental architecture art forms writing system astronomy, geometry, accounting, arithmetic long-distance trade redistribution of surplus full-time labor specialization distribution of the surplus Term egalitarian Definition band Term headperson Definition tribe Term chief/paramount chief Definition chiefdom/confederacy Term king/monarch Definition kingdom Term president Definition nation state Term emperor Definition empire Term Eridu Definition 1st Mesopotamian civilization 5,000 BC-4,100 BC Ubaid period, formation of tells because of temples built upon oneanother Term Uruk Definition 2nd Mes civilization 4100BC-3100BC Construction of Anu Ziggurat, larger than Eridu=more power. also invented cunneiform Term Ur Definition immediately after Uruk decline, Queen Shub-Ad's tomb buried with poison drinking servants Term Harappan culture in the Indus Valley Definition indoor plumbing, NO monumental architecture Term Poverty Point Definition 3,500 BP, sedentism WITH HUNTER-GATHERING Term Koster Definition 8,000 BP sedentism and domestication (plants and dogs) Term Abu Huyrera Definition shows shift btwn hunter-gatherers and agriculture Term Cahokia Definition Monks mound=largest monumental structure in pre-european N. America Term shang dynasty Definition 1766-1122 BC 1st China dynasty, famous for bronze working, SCAPULIMANCY buried with luxury goods Term Zhou dynasty Definition 246 BC developed iron working by 600 BC Term Shi Huagdi Definition china's 1st emperor, built great wall, terracotta army Term Narmer Definition Unified Egypt (changed the hat), unification caused implication of writing system, niched facade buildings of Heitocopolys, Term Khufu Definition Build 1st pyramid of Giza Term Kafre Definition Built subsequent pyramid and sphyinx Term Ramses II Definition built temples of Abu Simbel dedicated to Hathor and Horus gods Term Maya Definition Copan: Rosalila temple...Tikal: stepped pyramids on top of eachother Term Teotihuacan Definition Pyramid of the Sun (largest in Amer.), Moon, feathered serpent. Built in Mexico city Term Aztec Definition Tenochitlan=Mexico city, sacrifice and cannibalism, creation of city myth (prickly pear) Term Nazca Definition 200AD-700AD, Cahuachi built in desert, underground water storage and aqueducts. Polychrome pottery. Geoglyphs! processions Term Moche Definition "Greeks of the Andes" no writing system but incredible metal workers. ONLY GOLD SILVER AND COPPER. Complex social order Hucca pyramids Term Inka Definition Mid 1400s huge empire, no writing, wheel, or draft animals, monumental architecture, no morter, incredible massons