Details Title: ANTH Lecture Test 1 Description: Anthropology Lecture Test 1 Total Flash Cards: 44 Created: 09/20/2008 19:51:49		New Users: To study from this flashcard set, or to create your own your own study flash cards, REGISTER HERE. Existing Users: CLICK HERE. Additional Anthropology Flashcards
Cards in this set: Term evolution Definition change through time Term Emile Durkheim Definition 1858-1917 Interested in functions of religion not descriptions  1.) binds people together  2.) establishes social order  3.)accentuates the transmission of culture  4.) separates objects: sacred and profane  5.)bolsters the society’s heritage  6.) answers existential questions and explains the natural world Term Aristotle Definition 384-322BC o “Fixity of species” – according to Aristotle’s scale species were “fixed” and “immutable” Term James Ussher Definition 1581-1656 o Anglican archbishop o Developed the chronology of life based on biblical text Term John Ray Definition 1627-1705 o Classifies animals and plants based on similarities not dichotomies o Seeks God through nature and observation Term William Paley Definition 1743-1805 o “watchmaker analogy”- design requires a designer o Observes animal behavior Term Nicolaus Copernicus Definition 1473-1543 o Formulates a heliocentric model of the universe Term Galileo Galelei Definition 1564-1642 o Championed Copernicus’s heliocentric view of the universe o Applies mathematics to the motion of objects o Inertia gravity pendulums and telescopes o Sunspots, moon craters, and the Milky Way Term Isaac Newton Definition 1643-1728 o 3 laws of motion  Inertia  Acceleration  Action & reaction o Develops calculus o Gravity o Believes in the fixity of species Term Linnaeus Definition 1707-1778 o Swedish botanist whom formally classified life using binomial nomenclature o Systema Naturae (1758 o Classifies, describes, & documents 4400 animals &7700plants o Places humans in the animal kingdom o Classifies humans into 4 races based on geography, skin color, temperament & posture Term Baron Cuvier Definition 1769-1832 o “founder of paleontology o “founder” of comparative anatomy o “founder” of catastrophism  Catastrophism- the earth has been shaken and shaped repeatedly by a series of catastrophes. These catastrophes have shaped the geological formations we observe o Develops the concept of “fossils” o Develops the concept of “extinction” Term paleontology Definition study of past life Term uniformitarianism Definition natural processes shape the morphology of the earth Term James Hutton Definition 1726-1797 o “Father of Modern Geology” o The Theory of the Earth (1785) o Uniformitarianism o The physical properties experienced by the earth today were occurring in the past o The earth is old o Earth was created by God Term Charles Lyell Definition 1797-1875 o Principles of Geology (1830) o Provided detailed explanation of uniformitarian theory o Obsercing present geological processes are the key to understanding the past o The earth is ANCIENT and created by God o Influential figure (and friend of Charles Darwin o Never accepts Darwin’s Theory of Natural Selection Term Charles Darwin Definition 1809-1992 o Independently develops the theory of Natural Selection Term Thomas Malthus Definition 1766-1834 o Influential economist o Wrote that human population growth will increase beyond its food supply leading to famine unless checked by wars, disease, or “moral” restraint Term 4 simple steps to Natural Selection Definition o 1) Overpopulation o 2) inherited genetic variation within the population o 3) those individuals with the “genes” or adaptations most suitable to their environment should survive and reproduce o 4) offspring of individuals that reproduced physically resemble their parents Term artificial selection Definition intentional (sometimes unintentional) modification of a species by humans which encourage some traits over other traits via breeding Term gene flow Definition interchange of alleles (genes) between and within populations Term Gregor Mendel Definition 1822-1884 o “The Father of Modern Genetics” o Augustinian Monk o Conducts experiments on pea plants. Records his results and uses mathematical applications o Trained physics, chemistry, mathematics, and biology o Develops 2 laws in Biology  “Law of Segregation  “Law of Independent Assortment” Term Misapplication of Darwin's Theory Definition Ernst Haeckel, Herbert Spencer, Francis Galton Term Mammalian Traits Definition Secondary palatte (allows sucking), big brains, jaw cannot dislodge, Term Primate traits Definition forward facing eyes big brains nails vs. claws opposable thumb postorbital bar closure less emphasis on smell Term monophyletic group Definition a taxonomic group that has a single common ancestor and includes all descendants of that ancestor- defined by diagnostic traits Term adaptive radiation Definition A group of closely related organisms that have evolved morphological and behavioral features enabling them to exploit different ecological niches, outcome of natural selection Term diurnal Definition day active Term nocturnal Definition night active Term cathemeral Definition active intermittently throughout the day and night Term frugivory Definition species that consume primarily fruits Term folivory Definition species that consume primarily leaves Term gumnivory Definition species that consume primarily exudates: gums, saps, & resins Term insectivory Definition eating primarily invertebrates (insects) Term gramnivory Definition species that consume primarily grains or grasses Term omnivory Definition species that incorporate several food types into their diet Term Kay's Thresold Definition primates approximately less than 500 grams are predominantly insectivorous Term fruit eater Definition • Long small intestine • Broad incisors Term leaf eaters Definition • Well-developed molar shearing crests • Complex stomach Term insect eaters Definition • Sharp cusps • Short simple gut Term Strepsirrhines Definition “wet nose” primates that exhibit several primitive primate traits. This groups consists of the lemurs, lorises, and galagos Term Haplorrhines Definition “dry nose” primates. This group consists of the tarsiers, monkeys, and apes Term Platyrrhines Definition “flat nosed” primates. New World monkeys that exhibit larger brains, social groups and prehensile tails. All Platyrrhines are New World Monkeys Term Catarrhines Definition Old World Monkeys and apes. This group includes humans. Term "idae" Definition denotes family