Details Title: Anth 271 Description: kinship, social organization, psychological and political anthropology Total Flash Cards: 157 Created: 11/10/2008 13:38:12		New Users: To study from this flashcard set, or to create your own your own study flash cards, REGISTER HERE. Existing Users: CLICK HERE. Additional Anthropology Flashcards
Cards in this set: Term lineage Definition relationship between parent and child connects back to common ancestor. assigns legal status controls distribution of property and goods all members substitutable usually about 5 generations deep vary in size Term matriarchy Definition women run household mother's brother tends to have much power Term clan Definition composed of multiple lineages, descended from a common ancestor, often a mythic figure. harder to reckon kinship. Term fictive kin Definition given kin title, but not blood related. Term society Definition groups of people who live together, interact. based on shared geography, language and customs. Term social group Definition recognized and named groups of people organized on basis of shared interests, with particular division of labor and shared sets of goals. Term social network Definition Term status Definition publicly recognized social position, often named. Term role Definition set of rights and responsibilities that come with a status Term ascribed status Definition status that you are born with. cannot change. Term achieved status Definition status that is acquired through work Term institutions Definition clusters of social statuses and group that share a common factor Term social structure Definition social statuses in terms of social interactions and enduring relations of individuals in social groups Term social organization Definition role relationships that come into being as societies, move through time together Term functionalism Definition societies exist to fulfill basic human needs Term structural functionalism Definition Term complex (civilized) Definition based on law, sociology, organic Term small scale (primitive) Definition based on kinship, anthropology, mechanical Term mechanical solidarity Definition kinship based on societies where all necessary means for survival can be carried out by families Term organic solidarity Definition division of labor, not self sufficient, large scale, specialized divisions of labor that cannot stand on their own. Term Durkheim Definition 1858-1917 Term economy Definition material wealth Term power Definition control over people, ability to make people do things that they don't want to do. Term prestige Definition honor given to group or individual, acknowledges social standing Term egalitarian society Definition equal access to wealth, power and prestige Term ranked society Definition equal access to wealth and power. greater access to prestige. Term stratified society Definition unequal access to wealth, power and prestige. institutionalized, caste system Term sodality Definition any sort of group that cuts across kinship relationships Term age-set Definition rough groups of people born around the same time Term age grade Definition sequence of statuses gone through as age Term secret society Definition group of people with secret knowledge, perform public works Term caste Definition membership ascribed at birth, mobility not allowed, endogamous, occupational roles, ranked on basis of purity and pollution, dietary restrictions Term proletariat Definition have access to labor, no wealth Term bourgeoisie Definition have access to capital, means of production. Term class society Definition social mobility is possible Term caste society Definition social mobility is not allowed Term race Definition culturally defined categories based on physical appearance and assumed geographical origins Term hypodescent Definition bloodline Term colorism Definition subtitles in race. lighter black vs. darker black Term social race Definition higher social class, higher race. supercedes social classification. Term ethnicity Definition social differentiations based on culture. race, customs, appearance, mannerisms, geography, religion Term miscegenation Definition marriage outside one's ethnic or racial group Term genocide Definition physical extermination of group of people Term ethnocide Definition destroy culture Term sex Definition biological, physical differentiation between males and females Term gender Definition cultural Term individualism Definition humans are separate from other humans. individuals sacrifice freedoms to be members of society. every man is an island, pursue own interest. Term determinism Definition causal chain of events that cause events to happen without any individual free will ex. -biological determinism, cultural determinism Term agency Definition person's ability to reflect on their culture, to look at culture rationally, make choices about what they'll do and act on these choices Term ruth benedict Definition 1887-1948 Term cultural configurations Definition ways certain cultural systems are more likely to introduce certain personality types Term Apollonian Definition God of art, sun, rationality, individual Term Dianysian Definition God of wine, chaos, theatre, social Term personality Definition ways of thinking, feeling and acting that a person practices that are consistent over time Term basic personality structure Definition emerges from interactions between primary social institutions (child rearing, sexual expression, economic practices) and secondary social institutions (ritual and religious elements used to cope) Term modal personality Definition typical personality of a cultural group, through statistical method Term projective test Definition informant will project personality through answers in test Term enculturation Definition ways that children learn all the practices, learn how to be an adult in a society Term child rearing practices Definition ways in which adults teach children how to behave properly. ex.- story telling, swaddling, weaning, potty training Term Freud Definition anthropologists paid attention to his views of enculturation and child rearing as examples of causing cultural personality Term social psychosis Definition patterned on basis of social system it comes from Term self Definition human individual as separate from other individuals and things in society Term self actualization Definition ability of self-aware individuals to pursue own goals, even in face of opposition Term self awareness Definition individual's own assessment of one's strengths, weaknesses, likes/dislikes in the social world Term social constituted person Definition define themselves by role or status Term individual self Definition Term independence training Definition child rearing practices that teach children to be self-reliant individuals ex.-potty training, tying shoes, doing chores, getting a job Term dependence training Definition child rearing practices that focus on teaching social roles and statuses to promote interest of group over that of individual ex.-arranged marriage, sharing Term ethnoscience Definition documents the ways that different cultural systems categorize the world, tries to find patterns within categories Term cognitive capacity Definition innate ability to reason, humans universally categorize the world around them, everyone has the same cognitive capacity. Term cognition Definition way that humans see the world, categorize the world and incorporate information Term etic Definition phonetic, study of all possible sounds, outsider accounts Term emic Definition phonemic, sounds within a cultural group, insider accounts Term cognitive anthropology Definition cross cultural study of the effect that culture has on perception and cognition Term schema Definition related parts under single category. key cognitive unit in which configuration overshadows the part, meanings emerge from shared social roles Term prototype Definition classification of things in world which one is familiar, classification of other things in world based on Term cognitive style Definition way that particular group or individual solves problems Term global style Definition looking at big picture first, then details Term articulated style Definition details first, then big picture Term subjectivity Definition interior experiences of persons that are shaped by the location in a particular field of power relations Term emotion Definition patterns of affect, categories of feelings that are culturally specific Term trauma Definition severe suffering caused by agents of forces outside of the individual's control Term structural violence Definition political, economic or social structures that enable violence differently for different groups of people Term psychosis Definition Term ethnography Definition description of people Term political structure Definition relations within a territorial system between groups of persons who live in spatially well-defined areas and are conscious of their identity and exclusiveness Term people Definition all persons speak same language and have same culture, consider themselves to be different from like aggregates Term nation Definition politically centralized Term tribe Definition Term field work Definition Term influence Definition ability to persuade someone to follow your lead Term coercive vs. persuasive Definition physical force vs. words Term authority Definition power becomes institutionalized, power attached to a social status Term politics Definition ways in which power relations affect social relations and the competition for power, involves study of government Term government Definition status holders carrying out decisions for the welfare of the group Term political anthropology Definition focuses on 4 main issues: how leadership is manifested in society, how leadership is acquired, performed and maintained, how disputes are settled, how power and authority are utilized Term political ecology Definition study of how access to natural and cultural resources are controlled and contested; how people are linked to the environment Term political economy Definition interested in division of labor in society and politics that underly this, creation of, consequences Term unilineal evolution Definition Term head man Definition person who is selected to represent group to outsiders, doesn't necessarily have power within the group Term big man Definition person who has influence to negotiate and organize complex arrangements and exchanges Term situational leadership Definition not permanent status Term chiefdom Definition fixed rankings, one lineage has higher standing than another. chief part of the lineage, has status, authority and power. Term state Definition Term nation-state Definition boundaries should line up. one ruler for all people who share language and culture Term bureaucracy Definition technical definition. ruler can delegate positions of power, supported by system of taxation, redistributes taxes in form of public works Term law Definition technical. cultural mechanisms for resolving conflicts, disputes and behavior infractions. law includes fighting, dispute resolution.. Term sanctions Definition penalty allocated in the case of non compliance with authority, can exist outside formal legal code Term substantiative law Definition formal law, applies to all members of society with particular attributes Term procedural law Definition describes how lawbreakers are to be treated Term civil Definition private disputes between individuals before court, relying on legal code Term criminal Definition crimes against society, wronged party doesn't get to punish offender Term law code Definition Term nationalism Definition members of a nation have a sense of ... Term marriage Definition change in social status, sexual access, economic access, legitimacy in kin group Term incest taboo Definition sexual relations are prohibited between certain relations Term endogamy Definition practice of marrying within a certain group, forbidding marriage outside of group Term exogamy Definition marriage outside of village/kingroup Term sister exchange/alliance theory Definition one brother exchanges sister for another family's sister, to cement family relationships, arranged marriage Term bride wealth Definition system in which groom's family makes some sort of material trade for bride, compensation for taking bride. if marriage dissolves, bridewealth is to be returned Term dowry Definition material payment or land that accompanies bride to groom's family from parents or kin group Term dowry death Definition wife is encouraged to commit suicide/burned to death when dowry promised is not received Term bride service Definition groom works for bride's family before allowed to marry bride Term monogamy Definition one man, one woman in marriage Term polygamy Definition one man/woman, many partners Term polygyny Definition man with multiple wives Term soraral polygyny Definition one man marries sisters Term polyandry Definition one woman with multiple husbands Term fraternal polyandry Definition one woman marries brothers Term plural marriage Definition many wives, many husbands. often in communes Term serial polygamy Definition having multiple husbands or wives, but one at a time Term sororate Definition widower marries wife's sister Term levirate Definition widow marries husband's brother Term divorce Definition marriage dissolves Term neolocal residence Definition bride and groom move into new household Term patrilocal/virilocal residence Definition bride moves in with husband's family Term matrilocal/uxorilocal residence Definition husband moves in with wife's family Term avunculocal residence Definition bride is incorporated into husband's uncle's family Term ambilocal/bilocal residence Definition bride and groom choose where to move, either bride or groom's household Term duolocal Definition husband lives with family, wife lives with family, may be in place of a divorce Term conjugal family Definition based on marriage: mother, father, children Term non-conjugal family Definition mother and children, or father and children Term nuclear family Definition mother, father, children. consists of two generations Term polygynous family Definition husband, all wives, all children, two generations Term joint family Definition brothers, sisters and families all live together in one household. two generations Term extended family Definition 3 or more generations Term blended family Definition divorced parents and children move into sam household. two generations Term family by choice Definition conjugal relationship between two members of same sex Term kinship Definition social organization on basis of birth, marriage and nurturance that determines the rights and obligations of the individual Term feuding Definition Term descent Definition culturally defined relationships based on birth and nurturance Term affinal kin Definition linked by marriage Term consaguineal kin Definition tend to be those linked by blood Term bilateral/cognatic descent Definition kinship traced along both mother's line and father's line Term unilateral kinship Definition either mother's OR father's line Term patrilineal/agnatic Definition reckoned along father's line Term matrilineal/uterine Definition reckoned along mother's line