Details Title: anth 102 Description: n/a Total Flash Cards: 81 Created: 05/05/2009 18:20:59		New Users: To study from this flashcard set, or to create your own your own study flash cards, REGISTER HERE. Existing Users: CLICK HERE. Additional Archaeology Flashcards
Cards in this set: Term James Hutton Definition argued geological strata can be studied systematically, with layering showing great time depth Term Charles Lyell Definition argued different strata and types of bedrock formed over very long periods through uniform, slow processes; proposed "uniformitarianism" vs. sudden "creation" Term Darwin Definition proposed that humans were descendants of earlier ape-like forms through evolution and natural selection Term inductive method Definition objective observations of things and events, generalized statements Term deductive method Definition hypothesis, method to test hypothesis, data set to examine to test hypothesis Term adaptive view Definition overall culture system interacting with surrounding natural and social environments Term ideational view Definition cultures as shared belief systems generate their own, internal dynamics, individuals make cultures Term relative dating method Definition objects deposited earlier appear in deeper strata (problems: intrusions and disturbances) Term seriation Definition when date determined for one site, this can be used to cross-date other sites in the relative chronological sequence Term dendrochronology Definition yearly growth rings in certain tree species can be used to date sites Term radiocarbon dating Definition method for determining the age of organic archaeology materials by measuring the decay of the radioactive isotope of carbon (14C) Term systematic sample (random) Definition divide surface area into evenly spaced grids Term Oldawan tool kit (homo habilis), 2.6-1.5 million BP Definition "hard hammer" technique with core and flakes; used in hunting, gathering and scavenges (hammerstone/flakes/core) Term Acheulian tool kit (homo erectus), 1.6 million to 300,000 BP Definition developed more refined lithic tools including handaxe/pick Term atlatl and spear Definition combination of fluted projectile points, hafted to spear and thrown with atlatl; create highly efficient weapons Term bow and arrow Definition permit even greater distance shots at targets Term sociotechnic Definition candle is lighting in room (romantic setting) Term ideotechnic Definition candle represents falling soldiers at ceremony Term technomic Definition candle illuminated Term symbols Definition can have many different meanings Term Neanderthal burials Definition earliest purposeful and ceremonial burials, provide evidence of belief systems, graves lined with stones, food, flowers Term La Chapelle Definition suggests social structure (caring for others) Term North Atlantic Ice Edge Corridor Definition migration route from Europe to North America Term Bering Land Bridge Definition land mass connecting Northeast Asia and North America Term Pacific Coastal Route Definition arrival by coast or watercraft along shoreline of western US Term Pacific Ocean Voyage Definition island hopping by boat Term Clovis Definition phase of North American prehistory (13,500-13,000 ya in the west) during which short fluted projectile points were used in hunting mammoths Term Kennewick Man Definition discovered in 1996 in Washington, displayed central Asian morphology, physical remains show trauma Term Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act Definition Native Americans can obtain authority IF (1) geographically relates to location of remains (2) remains are of an individual related to Native American population Term Archaic period Definition Americas, 10,000 BP-3,000 BP & first appearance of clay pottery Term Mesolithic period Definition comparable period in Europe Term Epipaleolithic Definition comparable period in near East, eastern Mediterranean Term culture system concept Definition all parts of a culture are interrelated Term holism Definition to understand a particular culture, you must understand how all of its components function in interaction with one another; the different parts of a particular cultural system are interdependent with one another Term cultural relativism perspective Definition any particular behavior within a culture should be analyzed and understood by placing it in the context of a holistic view of that culture, its history, and multiple components Term theories of culture Definition adaptive perspective vs. ideational perspective Term adaptive perspectives Definition cultures will adapt to environment Term ideational perspective Definition internal factors will shape culture, environment places restrictions on what can and can't happen Term Alfred Wallace Definition same ideas as Darwin Term subfields of anthropology Definition socio-cultural ("cultural"), linguistics, biological ("physical"), archaeology Term uniformitarianism Definition different layers of soil disprove creationism Term dendrochronology Definition yearly growth rings in bertain tree species can be used to date sites if wood samples preserved in the archaeological record Term non probabilistic/judgmental sampling Definition form of probabilistic sample; you choose where to look based on readily observed surface features or local knowledge of likely locations of historic or prehistoric remains Term How do we know that the Mayan empire collapsed? Definition stopped building monuments Term What is the largest monument in North America? Definition Mt. Monks Term What is the largest monument in prehistoric America? Definition Temple of the Sun, Teotihuancan Term Carbon 14 Definition not constant in atmosphere, impacted American Migration Debate Term Carbon 13 Definition corn Term archaeology Definition the study of past cultures based upon their material remains Term Theories Definition 1. North Atlantic Ice Edge Corridor 2. Bering Land Bridge 3. Pacific Coastal Route 4. Pacific Ocean Voyage Term Franz Boas Definition said there were no differences between races Term Kennewick Man Definition displayed central Asian morphology (physical remains show trauma) Term Clovis Definition hunting weapons, possibly contributed to "mega-fauna" species extinctions circa 13,500 BP Term Paleolithic period (300,000-40,000)-(homo sapiens, neanderthals) Definition composite tools Term late stone age (40,000-10,000)-(homo sapiens, hobbits) Definition harpoons, flakes Term flake Definition tool type used for cutting Term egalitarian Definition band Term headperson Definition tribe or segmentary society Term chief/paramount chief Definition chiefdoms/confederacies Term king or monarch Definition kingdom or state Term state head or president Definition nation state Term emperor Definition empire Term sedentism Definition staying in one place Term urbanization Definition sedentism with big population Term Childe-adaptive Definition low resources-->pops to oasis Term Binford-adaptive Definition low resources-->broadened staple diet; when people live in close contact, their staple diet is broadened Term Poverty Point Definition city circa 3500 years ago, social stratification, sedentism, building mounds, astronomical alignments, prestiged goods. Did not have domestication. Term Koster site Definition 8,000 years ago, domestication THEN sedentism Term domestication Definition small scale agriculture, grow your own plants as opposed to gathering them Term agriculture Definition wide scale growth to feed large populations Term Shi Huangdi Definition China's first emperor Term Zhou dynasty Definition development of iron working, principle city of Xianyang Term Shang dynasty of China Definition sacrificial burials at An-yang bronze metal working accomplishments Term Abu Huyrera Definition switches from hunter/gatherer to domestication, Mesopotamia, sophisticated kite technique Term Cahokia (900 AD-1300 AD) Definition first time we see social stratification, made art, long distance trade systems Term Eridu (5,000-4,100 BC) Definition tells: mounds of clay where monuments once stood, simply built on top Term Uruk (4,100-3,100 BC) Definition temple on top of Ziggurat, cuneiform writing, Warka vase and religious offerings Term Ur Definition centralized ziggurat, significance of royal cemetery and tombs (showed social stratification and huge power) Term What is the exception to the rule regarding the need for monumental architecture in civilizations? Definition Harrapian in the Indus Valley Term Inca Definition didn't have a writing system, didn't move by animals Term Americas Definition copper, silver, gold