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politics, family, social; causation
1. mode of production
2. mode of reproduction |
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| an individual, organization, institution, etc., considered to be exempt from criticism or questioning. |
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Aim was to elucidate the common features of all systems: mechanical, organic, sociocultural
Two main features: Variation-and-selective-retention, Feedback |
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Maringa speakers of Papua New Guinea.
horticulture, autonomous, no formal leadership, ancestor worship and feasting |
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| universal grammar of culture |
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Culture = symbolic systems
language as unconscious but structured set of symbols |
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left vs right
life vs death
male vs female |
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How oppositions are expressed and reworked, how they restate or reflect upon order
aim toward uncovering the underlying binary oppositions and how these oppositions are resolved |
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| structural analysis of gender |
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Assumes at the outset that, in all societies, women are subordinate to men
Women = Nature
Men = Culture
Culture subordinates nature to the will of humans
Men subordinate women to their will |
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Reproductive physiology
Nurturing in the biological sense
Nurturing in the social sense
Ultimately, energies are directed toward the production of perishable goods—other humans |
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our behaviors are directed by how we impose a meaningful structure on the world (cultural construction)
Derived from ‘phonemic’ description of a language |
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regardless of our understanding, our behavior is constrained (structural constraint)
Derived from ‘phonetic’ description of a language |
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| culture is that which one needs to know in order to function adequately in any given social system |
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Items are organized by ‘inclusion’
Terms can be differentiated by how they are grouped with other terms |
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a list of definitions
Terms can be differentiated by how they differ from other terms |
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an area of conceptualization, about which people talk (may or may not be labeled)
may be classified as similar or different on the basis of inclusion
Elements on the same level of contrast will be classified as similar or different on the basis of distinctive features
Features may be dichotomous or form a dimension |
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| Stripped-down, skeletal outlines of a cultural domain that include the elements composing the domain and prototypical processes that link those elements semantically and functionally |
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| gene as locus of selections |
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Most of the biological change in the human species took place while culture was emerging in proto-human and early human society
Therefore, when we look at human behavior, psychology, social interaction, and culture today, a question is: how did evolution shape this?
Coevolution |
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communication between persons with conflicting interests can be stable if the communication honestly advertises a quality of interest to the observers.
persistence of wasteful phenotypes.
honest communication despite conflict. |
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| gene-culture interactions |
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| This orientation assumes that both culture and genotype are important determinants of outcomes—or ‘complex phenotypes’ |
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| anthropologist's interpretations |
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| cock fight = status competition |
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| Class and gender stratification |
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| Structural-constructivisim |
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| Constructivist-structuralism |
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Economic capital – money, inheritance, etc.
Social capital –friends, social class of family, social connections to people with money or power
Cultural capital – cultural inheritance, education, credentials
Symbolic capital – prestige, honors, distinction that is often linked to cultural capital |
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The categories of knowledge that form our consciousness.
The scope of what is “knowable.”
Beyond just categories of knowledge, includes disciplines and institutions that provide the foundation for those categories
A way of seeing the world that implies the organization of power. |
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1.the discipline of the body -military, education, workforce - seeks to create disciplined and effective population
2.the regulation of population -reproduction- demography, wealth analysis, ideology - seeks to control population on a statistical level |
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| Restructuring the capital |
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| the degree to which individuals approximate, in their own beliefs and behaviors, the prototypes for belief and behavior encoded in shared cultural models |
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