• evidence of them back to 30,000 BC
• credit domestication to China and Mesopotamia (3000 BC)
• modern horse brought to US by Columbus in 1493

• called Equus caballus
• from 2 main breeds: Equus ferus ferus (died 1919) and Equus ferus przewalskii (endangered)

• Order: Perissodactyla
• family: Equidae
• Genus: Equus
• Species: caballus (horse) asinus (ass)

• light/draft horse breeds (>14.2 hands)
• ponies (<14.2 hands)

hand = 4 inches

height measured at withers

Terms:

Mature Male

• monogastric
• nonruminant herbivore
• hindgut fermentor (secum takes place)
• stomachs small and will eat too much

• small stomach: 2-4 gallon; so grazers (cows 40 gal)
• HCl/Pepsin begin breakdown of food
• cannot regurgitate food (burp/throw up)
• lack gall bladder: cant digest fat very well 
• normal ration: 2-4% fat, can utilize up to 20% fat (3-4 weeks to adjust) 

• water: 10-12 gal/day
• protein: mature(8-10%), preg(10-16%), foals/lactating mares(15-16%), yearlings/seniors(12-13%)
• fat: range 2.5%-14%
• Vitamins: A,D,E
• Minerals: Ca/P ratio 1:1:1 ; free choice quality mineral blocks

• Forage: need 1% BW daily
• if meal fed... 
• 2 meals / day if grain > .5% BW
• 3 meals / day if grain > 1% BW

Equine Reproduction

Age of puberty: 12-24 mon

Typical age of 1st breeding: 3 yrs

repro lifespan: up to 15-20 yrs

fillies begin to cycle: 12-15 mon

Estrous Cycle: 21 d

Estrus: 5 - 7 d (ovulation, 24-48 hrs prior to end of estrus)

1 offspring/yr

Gestation: 340 d (avg) ; 320 - 370 d (range)

Horses Breeding Points

Seasonal Polyestrus Breeders: long day breeders (cycle as day length ^, April-Oct.) and anestrus period (onset with shorter days, Oct.-April)

Every horse bday: Jan. 1st (inconsistent w/mare's nat. breeding season; req. artificial light and hormonal treatments to accomodate)

Sperm production:

avg. vol - 70 mL (range 30-250)

avg. conc. - 120 mill/mL (range 30-600mill/mL)

progressive motility - 60%

morphology - 60% normal

spermatogenesis - 57 days

9.2 mill horses in US

4.6 mill americans in industry

2 mill people own horses

direct economic effect - 39 bill ANNUALLY

provides 460,000 FT jobs

45,000 ppl own 181,000 horses (used to have around 200,000)

70% involved in showing or recreational act.

value of horse industry - 579 mill

Forestry

Poultry (884 mill)

Sugarcane

Horses (579 mill)

Rice

Marine

not meat animal in US

Horse Slaughter Prevention Act: stop slaughter of horses in US, try to stop shipping horses out for slaughter

Racing - 800,000 racehorses in US, about 10% of pop. in LA

short distance - mostly quarter horses (1/4 - 1/2 mile)

standard distance - thoroughbred (5-12 furlongs on dirt, turf, and synthetic grass)

1 furlong = 1/8 mile

Endurance Racing :

horse

classification

Arabians

• pleasure rides (10-20 miles)
• non-comp. (21-27 miles)
• comp. (20-45 miles)
• progressive (25-60 miles)
• endurance (40-100 miles in one day/ up to 150 miles in mult. days)

90% of horse pop. in LA

Hunter Jumper

Dressage

Stock Horse

Rodea

Trail Riding

Polo

Harness racing

therapy horses

work horses

entertainment

race tracks: clocker, racing secretary, veterinarian, trainer, exercise jockey, jockey, groom, steward, jockey agent

breeding farms: manager, groom, stud manager, broodmare manager, stallion booking agent

riding stables: manager, groom, trainer, riding inst.

training: trainer, assistant, groom

shows: secretary, announcer, judge, ring steward, course designer

business: insurance, agent, auctioneer, sales/promo/PR, fitting sale horses, consultant, computers, blood stock agents

medical: veterinarian, assistant

therapeutic riding: instructor, physical therapist, occupational therapist, speech therapist, program director

breed associations: exec. secretary, editor and writer, field rep., show manager, PR staff

academics: 4-H and coop. extension horse specialist, prof, researcher

law: equine law specialist

allied industries: tack sales, trailers, equipment and supplies, feed sales, feed company, nutrtionists

sheep: tail down/wool/54 chromo/DC bout rain and water/dont like being alone

goat: tail up/hair/60 chromo/hate rain and water/dont mind being alone

domesticated after the dog

came from european mouflon and asiatic brail

over 200 breeds; sheep more than goat breeds

they arent intelligent

they can learn though

they are responsive to people and handling

they are gregarious

respond well to easy handling, routine feeding, clean and dry pens

dont respond well to being alone, loud noises, dogs, wet and damp conditions, closed buildings

Texas

Cali

Wyoming

Colorado

SD

(western parts/dry)

meat breeds: dorset, hampshire, suffolk

fine wool breeds: rambouillet

long wool breeds

dual purpose breeds: corriedale and columbia

hair sheep: katahdin

minor/exotic breeds: gulf coast native

suffolk

hampshire

dorset

southdown

(most used for 4H and FFA shows)

LA/FL native

meat breed

white with bare belly and legs

strengths: nat resist. to parasites, heat tolerant

weakness: slow growing, poor wool

meat breed

white with black points

strengths: muscular, produce excellent carcasses

hair sheep

originally developed in US

wide adaptable

most control in asia, new zealand, and australia

US sheep decreased last few years bc, 1. less use/need for wool 2. dec. consump. of lamb

most of the  lamb consumption is conc. on the east coast (religion plays a role in conc.)

1. predation
2. internal parasites
3. lack of prestige and glamour
4. diseases
5. poisonous plants
6. low production efficiency
7. require skilled labor

Domesticated after the dog

domestic goat progenitor: bezoar; asia, minor mountains and middle east

goats breeds <<<< sheep breeds

more intelligent than sheep

curious

responsive to handling

can be conditioned for routine

req. repetitive routines for behavior condit.

dairy goats: saanen, alipine, nubian, toggenburg(oldest known), la mancha, dwarf

meat goats: boer, spanish, kiko, myotonic, pygmy

fiber goats: angora (cashmere-producing)

native goats: brush goats, hill goats

meat breed 

white with red hair on the head and ears

originally from asia

dates back to biblical times

both sexes horned

mohair ( similar to wool but much smoother and very thin)

dairy goat

high milk production

"holsteins of the dair goats"

fainting/wooden leg/TN fainting goats

mostly b/w

sheep: grazers (bermuda grass, alfalfa, fescue, clover, bahia grass)

goats: browsers (broad-leaf plants, forbs)

toxicity of interest: Cu req. (2.3-3.6 mg/4.5-9.1 mg) ; Cu Toxicity (2x req.)

2 probs not enough feed eaten: monkey mouth, undershot jaw ; parrot mouth, overshot jaw.

fall/short-day breeders (seasonally polyestrus)

estrous cycle: sheep 17d / goats 21 d

estrus: 24-30 hr

gestation: 147-150 d

puberty: males 8 mon/ >80lbs ; females 10 mon/ >60lbs

prolificacy: 50% single, 45% twins, 3% triplets

Haemonchus contortus (barber pole worm/ blood worm/ causes anemia)

increasing drug resistance has caused problems with eff. parasite control for producers

by looking at teeth

1 yr - 1st permanent incisors (2)

2 yr - 2nd set permanent incisors (4)

US industry - 25 mill

world rabbit meat cons. est. at 1.1 mill tons

china 1st - 40% world supply

europe second

commercial/hobby producers

pets

hobby (rabbit shows/breeding)

meat

pelts & angora fur

laboratory animals

feeder rabbits: reptiles and carnivores

training dogs: greyhounds and beagles

potting soil and fishing worms

45 breeds sanctioned by the American Rabbit Breeders Association (ARBA)

varities - based on coat color

small, medium, large

american breed

bred to be excellent for both the meat and fur trade

one of the favorite domestic breeds

large, muscular

bucks 8-10 lbs / does 9-12 lbs

white, red eyes

fancy american breed

developed from himalayan, standard chinchilla, and new zealand white breeds

2nd most pop meat producing rabbit

excellent fur quality

mod in size 7-10 lbs

white body, black tips, pink eyes

small litters

11 varities

very high sheen

good comm. rabbit with good meat to bone ratio

excellent mothers, easy breeders

good growth, good backyard meat production

most pop comm. rabbit in US

weighs 6-9 lbs 

dark fur with long white hairs along side of body

white at nape of neck, nostrils, ears, circles around eyes, belly, legs, and under tail

bifurcated uterus (divided)

can have 2 diff pregnancies

gestation length: 30-32 days

litter size: 1 to 12-13 (can be as large as 18)

no set cycle, all but 3-4 d out of 16-18 cycle

normally breed 1 day post partum

induced ovulation after mating

they nurse once a day for a few minutes

hindgut digestion: cecum & L. intestine

cecum 10x size stomach

cecum & lg intestines 40% of GI tract

cecotropes "night feces" high in minerals, vitamins and protein

cecotropes essential for rabbits health

commercial mixed pelleted feed, 50% alfalfa meal

4 oz for doe, 2 oz for kit

1 gal water a day for doe and kit

non-specific diarrhea 40%

rhinitis (pasteurella/bordatella) 35%

enterotoxemias 5%

Myxomatosis 5%

worms and coccidiosis 5%

ventilation

sanitation

observation

lack of water

buck teeth (malocclusion)

sore hocks (feet look bad)

some ear infection tick thing

low sodium

low fat

easily digestible

all white meat - simliar to chicken (3-5 lbs carcass)

grass finished

no antibiotics, pesticides, etc.

rabbit friendly housing

pets in american

dogs arrived when ppl crossed land bridge from asia thousands of years ago

both indians and colonists used dogs as guardians, hunters, draft animals, and companions

as time passed in the 1800's, more dogs were kept as companions and playmates than as workers

into the 1900's: ppl in cities and in the country lived close to horses, pigs, and other livestock, provide: muscle, food, and materials

many dogs and cats protected homes/businesses from thieves and pest

most werent pure breds, but recognizable

in 1860's, rabbits, white mice, rats, and guinea pigs were consid. kids pets (gentle, easy, short lived)

squirrels caught and sold until 1910

rodent species introduced as pets: hamsters (1950)

song birds were pop for settlers

wealthy ppl in 19th cent. had fish

cats needed to hunt; marketing cat litter 1945 made them easier

changing lifestyle: US ppl need animal companions that live indoors all the time

by 1970, more cats than dogs

pet: kept for pleasure

comp anim: owner has high emotional tie

ornamental

status

playthings

hobby

helpers

companions

freshwater fish most abndt pet, then cat, dog, sm mammals, birds.. etc. 

pets in millions have been increasing over time

dogs: 37.2% households own, 1.7 per house, 2.6 vet visits yr, $356 vet bill yr, per animal $200

cats: 34.7% house owns, 2.2 per house, 1.7 vet visits yr, $190 vet bill yr, per animal $81

greater personal security

smaller more single houses

^ desire to engage w/nature and animals

changes in types (smaller dogs/cats ^)

^ income

^ use of pets for therapy

support animals in service/companionship to people

seeing eye dogs, guard dogs, police dogs, rescue dogs, hunting dogs, therapy dogs, cats catching, scent dogs... etc.

over 2/3 US houses have pets

US pet owners spent 40.8 bill on pet care

in US, 15.4 bill pet food industry

used in media

fulfill real needs

steady lives of ordinary people

fundamental part of being human

someone to play with/ companionship/ help kids learn/ communicate with/ security

value to physical, mental, emotional, and social health of owners

most common reason: companionship

kids with pets are more nurturing

people are happier, healthier with animals

decrease: blood pressure, cholest lvls, trigly lvls, loneliness

^ your: opp for exerc., opp. for socialization, and feeling of well being

400-500

160 AKC recognized

AKC est. 1884 (7 categ. 1 misc)

UKC est. 1898 (308 breeds in 8 categ.)

NALC for cata. LA stat dog: July 9, 1979

UKC recog. in 1995

lab (constant)

yorkie (new rise)

german shepherd (constant top 5)

golden (pretty constant)

beagle

boxer (new as of 2000)

AKC switch york. and germ.

not as many as dogs

fewer uses for cats

about 50 breeds: Cat Fanciers Assoc. (41)

most pop: persian

persian

siamese

main coon

ragdoll

burmese

diff scales: 1 emaciated, 9 obese

lifespan studies: lean dogs live longer (2 yrs), develop degen. bone probs at later age, lower pulse rates and blood pressure

overweight: higher incidence of insulin resistance and diabetes, heart disease, and inflammatory dis.

Obesity: #1 nutrit. disorder in dogs and cats

• 24-34% dogs
• 25-40% cats

main cause: diet, lack of exercise, genetics, endocrine imbalance

consider breed, sex, charact., living condit.

small breeds generally live longer

one human year = about 4 years... 15 the first year, 8 second.. then 4

food industry: 15-16 bill, pet care products 71% house purchase, career oppor.

exercise: in addition to proper feeding, prevent obesity

nutritional consider. feed for life stage and life styles

diff types: puppy, kitten, dog chow, high protein, senior foods

prescrip. diets: science diet p/d, i/d, etc.

special foods: hair ball formula, skin and coat form, etc.

org. that provides a mechanism for developing and implementing uniform and equitable laws, reg., standards.. sale of animal feeds

formed 1909

involved in animal, poultry, bird, etc.

product name with flavor (beef food - 95% beef ; beef and liver - 95% combo, more beef than liver but at least 3% liver)

guaranteed analysis: % crude protein(min), fat(min), fiber (max), % moisture(max)

ingredient list: all listed, descending by weight, designate meat or meat by products other than cattle, hogs, sheep or goats

net quantity statement: net weight in container

manfacturer info: name address packer or distrib.

show whether complete balance nutrition

life stage

comparison of nut. content to AAFCO

feed directions and caloric statement

more economical

more convenient to feed

help reduce plaque and tartar on teeth

DOG:moist 12% or less, 18-27% protein, 7-15% fat

CAT: moist <12%, >28% protein, 8-24% fat

approx. 30% moisture (some as high as 50%)

16-25% protein

5-10% fat

higher palatability than dry

convenient to serve and store (individ)

more expensive

8-12% protein for dog foods, 12-20% for cats

2-15% fat for both

approx 75% moisture

total food consump. high, due to lower nutrient and cal content

highest palatability of all types of diets

highest cost per serving

less convenient to serve and store

very palatable

not nutritionally balanced

limits amounts fed - if fed at all

may lose app. for comm. pet foods

milk: food, not water, lactase to be broken down

raw eggs: avidin makes not absorbed into the body

raw fish: some cause deficien. of vita thiamine

chocolate: contains theobromine

meat: not balanced, raw ^ parasit. cooked ^fat

raw liver: can cause vita A toxicity in dogs

small soft bones: may splinter

companionship greatest bene: 68% dogs, 61% cats

pet owners committed, food, treats, products, vets

take dogs/cats shopping, restaurants, vacay

give respect, love, and attention

owners see pet health as good but vets see disparities

owners say well-behaved but not really

concerned about overpop but dont do anything about it

27.6% males / 72.4% females

avg. age: 23.2

animal behavior 

physiology

biotechnology

genetics

nutrition

a group of animals within a species that have common ancestors and charact. that distinguish them from other animals of the same species

more alike than commercial but not pure

origin - england

color - red w/white face or black and white

popular bc survivability and cross breeding

trademark - white face ; perfect coloring has black around eyes, white face cattle have more eye problems

specific function that the breed was developed for

ex: beef, dairy, and dual purpose

1493 - corriente

1519 - longhorn

1600's - british

1854 - brahman

1850's-1880 - barbwire, railroads, cowboys

1940's - feed lots

1960's - influx of continental bred

1950's - 1970's

how - importation of semen and breeding stock 

up-grading and breeding-up

imported mainly semen from europe to create cont. cattle breeds in US

req. mult. gener. to obtain 15/16 or 31/32 breeding

Up-graded from Angus - black gene

origin- france (very old)

color - various shades of red to black

popular for carcass traits

origin - switzerland

color - spotted tan to red and white; sold tan to red with white face; black (less trad.)

pop for growth and maternal traits

beef version of brown swiss

origin - switzerland

color - various shades of brown

pop for carcass characteristics and maternal traits

numbe 1 cow for dairy production

black and white

96% something

types of advertisements

can be neg and pos

new breeds developed by attempting to combine the desired characteristics of several existing breeds. 

Ex: brangus comp. 3/8 brahman 5/8 angus

AKA Zebu Derivative breeds

5/8 angus 3/8 brahman

origin - US

color - black or red

popular for maternal and carcass traits; heat tolerance

origin - scotland

color - black or red

most prominent breed in US

popular for carcass and maternal traits

origin - US (by crossing several breeds of bos indicus)

color - gray or red

popular for their heat and insect tolerance

5/8 short horn, 3/8 brahman

origin - US

color - red

popular for heat tolerance, maternal and carcass traits

1/2 brahman, 1/4 shorthorn, 1/4 hereford

origin - US

color - multicolored (red, white, tan)

popular for maternal traits, heat tolerance, carcass

courageous, tireless, robust, compact working dog

colors - red or blue speckled blue or blue mottled

puppies are born white

sturdy, hardy, little hound

hunting dog

color - any hound color

loving, sweet and gentle so good with children

determined and love to dig

wide, medium sized, compact with short legs

bred to fight bulls, but now gentle

color - from red brindle to white

strong willed and determined

breathing problems, slobber, and drool

large, lean, strong dog

2 coat varities - rough and smooth

colors - sable and white to tri color of black, white and tan

natural herders, highly intelligent and mild mannered

3 sizes: toy (<10in), mini (10-15in), standard

square appearance for show, highly intelligent, good natured, and proud

long lived, many genetic issues

colors - many but all solid 

small, well-balanced compact dog

toy group

if under 6 lbs called sleeve

pekingese - chinese royalty

very brave

colors- all but some have black masks

working dog in herding group

well proportioned and strong

color - black with tan, stable or black also white but now considered a new breed

courageous, alert, and fearless

need exercise

sturdy, medium sized

sporting group as a hunting dog

color - cream to rich golden

loveable, well mannered and good with children

popular dog - family and hunting

most popular dog

large - 60-100 lbs

loyal, loving, affectionate, and patient (great family dog)

sporting group - hunting and retrieving

3 colors - tan, black, chocolate

strong, muscular dog: 110-200 lbs

colors - white with tan, red, mahogany, and black

extremely friendly and gently but slow moving and obedient

intelligent and easy to train

working dog - search and rescue

very pointy ears

black, grey, white

striped black and brown with white stripe across body and feet

no tail?

for protection

big horn = rank

females have horns but dont curve as much

merino (known for high quality wool)

rambouillet (generated from Merino, louis the 16th est. this sheep)

americans dont like lamb, 1.4 lbs/person/yr

ruminants - four compartment stomach; symbiosis with microbes for digestion of forages

selective grazers (sheep/goats) vs bulk grazers (cattles)

Dental pad: teeth - 20 temporary & 32 permanent, jaws - inherited errors

forage preferences by herbivores

              cattle          sheep       goats      horses

grasses      70%           60%         20%        90%

forbes        20%           30%         20%         4%

browse       10%          10%         60%          6% 

lipizzan

outperform colonial work horses

based off of one horse: justin morgan

american ferial horse

wild

tobiano, tovero

paint and a pinto: more than two square inches of white

pinto: color registry

paint: breed registry (quarter horse mix)

solid minded

very athletic

used in hunter/jumper

generally really big and high strung

race horse

1st brougt to US in 1730

up to 2400 lbs

feathering on the legs

comes from england

looks like clydesdale

not as popular here

really good bone structure

intelligent

larger pony

too big for ponies but not ready for horses

unpredicatable

unique: strongest equine relative to size

oldest of the pony breeds

sporting

hounds

working

terriors

toys

non-sporting

herding

misc.

companion

guardian

gun dog

herding

nothern

scent

sight

terriers

family: leporidae

descendent of european wild rabbit

600 BC

intro by travelers as food

est well due to repro rate

nocturnal

life span 5-10 years

table 25.1 : 4 hair types; rex, satin, wool, norm