Details Title: ANS 327, Advanced Repro Description: In lecture notes Total Flash Cards: 45 Created: 10/21/2008 10:45:29		New Users: To study from this flashcard set, or to create your own your own study flash cards, REGISTER HERE. Existing Users: CLICK HERE. Additional Agriculture Flashcards
Cards in this set: Term Which species can AI be performed on? Definition All livestock, dogs, cats, poultry, lab animals, invertibrates Term What did Anton von Leeuwenhoek do, and when? Definition 1677: Created simple microscope and discovered/described semen in sperm as "animalcules" Term Why are the 1300s important to AI? Definition Some documentation leading people to believe that the Arabs were AIing horses Term What did Lazaro Spallanzani contribute to AI and when? Definition 1780: First successful AI (using dogs) and early studies of freezing and thawing stallion semen Term What is E.I. Ivanoff known for? When? Definition Early 1900s: First to AI horses, cattle and sheep Term What is G. Amantea known for and when? Definition 1914: Developed the first artificial vagina (used dogs) Term What event happened in 1936? Definition First AI cooperative in Denmark Term What was developed in 1937? Definition Rectovaginal technique in cattle by Danish vets Term What did E.J. Perry do? When? Definition 1938: Formed first AI cooperative in US Term What is credited to P.H. Phillips and H.A. Lardy? When? Definition Late 1930s: Developed egg-yolk based extender Term What is A.M. Sorenson known for? Definition 1940: Introduced the plastic straw for storing semen Term What happened in the 1940s? Definition Electroejaculator created Term What is Christopher Polge known for? Definition 1949: Discovered Glycerol as cryoprotectant (still used for semen and embryos) Term What is important about 1954? Definition Waterloo cattle breeding assoc. was the first 100% frozen semen breeding operation. Term Significance of 1957? Definition American Breeders Service started using liquid nitrogen to freeze/store semen instead of dry ice Term What did R. Cassou do? When? Definition 1964: Developed Cassou inseminating "gun", refined the plastic straw to make the standard French straw or medium straw (0.5 mL) Term What happened in 1972? Definition Shift from glass ampules to plastic straws Term What are the advantages/ benefits of AI? Definition Genetic improvement; control of disease; accurate records; increased $ return; Term What are the disadvantages of AI? Definition Need special training; special facilities for heat detection/AI; labor intensive; NUMBER OF ANIMALS MAY BE LIMITING; Term What is the most common AI technique in cattle? Definition Rectovaginal Term Where is semen deposited in cattle? Definition Uterine body, NOT UTERINE HORN Term What is the rule about inseminating cows that are heat checked 2x/day? Definition AI cows in am that show heat the previous night, AI cows that show heat in am the following night Term Why do you follow the am/pm rule in cattle? Definition cow has 21 day estrous w/ short estrus of 14-18 hrs and ovulation occurs 12-16 hours later (during metestrus) and bull sperm must be in tract for 12 hrs to capacitate and become viable Term What is capacitation? Definition Removal of cholesterol from the plasma membrane before fertilizing potential is reached Term How long is an oocyte fertilizable in a cow? Is this shorter or longer than most livestock species? Definition Oocytes are fertilizable for up to 12 hrs post-ovulation. This is an short to average length of fertilizability in oocytes, but is shorter than the viable lifespan of the sperm Term Can cattle be inseminated with liquid and frozen sperm? Definition Yes Term What is the inseminating dose for cattle? Definition 1 mL volume, with 6-8 mill sperm/dose Term What are the drawbacks to liquid semen, making frozen semen more preferred? Definition Liquid semen requires refrigeration and has a short storage life of about 4 days Term What are the benefits to frozen semen over liquid semen in cattle? What is the drawback? Definition Frozen semen has a indefinite storage time; goes through freeze/thaw very well but drawback is that it requires a liquid nitrogen freezer Term What is the volume of a standard French straw? Definition 0.5 mL Term What is the volume of the modified french straw? Definition 0.25 mL, same length as the standard french but 1/2 the diameter Term What is the volume of the continental straw? Definition 0.25 mL; same diameter as the standard french but only have the length Term What are the advantages of the straw? Definition Increased post-thaw viability b/c straw shape allows for more even distribution of heat, lowers amount of exposure to heat b/c water bath is only 20-60 sec Term What is the conception rate after the 1st AI service? Definition 60-70% Term What is the conception rate after the second AI service? Definition 80% Term what is the conception rate after the use of clean up bull? Definition Up to 90% Term Summary for AI in cattle Definition Heat check 2x/day; use am/pm rule when breeding; 0.5mL dose with 6-8mill sperm/straw; 70% motility; 80%+ normal sperm; body temp for 20-60sec; rectovaginal technique; uterine body = site of deposition Term What is estrus? Definition Standing heat: a behavior induced by the presence of a large estrogen secreting follicle Term what is estrous? Definition reproductive cycle in females Term What is the most common way of detecting estrus in cattle? How successful is it? Definition Visual inspection; one of least successful b/c improperly trained personnel and frequency/timing cows show estrus (all day, only get checked at certain times) Term How is estrus detection commonly done in swine? Definition Allowing boar to mingle with the gilts/sows Term How long is estrus in gilts? Sows? Definition 34-42 hours in gilts, 48-72 hours in sows Term What is the timing interval for inseminating swine? Definition 12 and 24 hours post standing estrus (gilts); 24 and 36 hours post standing estrus (sows) Term what is the relation between weaning to estrus interval and duration of ovulation? Definition WEI is negatively related to duration of ovulation (longer WEI = shorter duration of estrus) Term What are the two major reasons for "customizing" the insemination protocol on a farm? Definition avoid wasting insemination doses and late insemination can have negative effects on pregnancy rate/litter size