Term
|
Definition
| Inflammation of the colon |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Inflammation of the colon and the caecum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Inflammation of the colon and the small intestine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Inflammation of the small intestine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Inflammation of the stomach |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Inflammation of the entire GIT |
|
|
Term
| What is the clinical impact of colitis? |
|
Definition
| Disruption of the mucosa prevents water from being adequately reabsorbed, leading to diarrhoea (which is the main clinical sign seen). |
|
|
Term
| What is the clinical impact of severe colitis? |
|
Definition
| Severe diarrhoea will lead to dehydration, circulatory shock and even death |
|
|
Term
| What are some of the causative agents of colitis? |
|
Definition
Salmonella infection
C. Diff infection
C. perfringens infection
Potomac horse fever (neorickettsia)
Equine coronavirus
Small stongyle infestation |
|
|
Term
| Can antibiotics lead to colitis? |
|
Definition
| Yes, they have the potential to disrupt normal gut flora, allowing an over growth of the clostridials of salmonella to take hold and cause disease (most commonly C.diff) |
|
|
Term
| What is the most common strain of salmonella in horses? |
|
Definition
| S. typhimurium. It is divided into 4 categorises, severe acute diarrhoea (most common), moderate intestinal form,bacteremia and asymptomatic infection |
|
|
Term
| How can salmonella enter the blood stream? |
|
Definition
| It can cross the mucosal border and enter the blood stream directly, or via the lymphatics |
|
|
Term
| In most cases, where does the infection stay (Salmonella)? |
|
Definition
In most cases it does not move past the brush border and the mesenteric lymph nodes, although it has the capacity to enter the spleen, liver and bone marrow and proliferate, it rarely does.
Lazy fuck... |
|
|
Term
| How does Salmonella infection actually cause colitis? |
|
Definition
| The infection and subsequent inflammatory response of the mucosa and submucosa lead to dilation and increased permeability of the vascula endothelium which results in the passive secretion of exudate in to the lumen of the intestine |
|
|
Term
| What is the main toxin found in C. perfringens A type? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the alpha toxin do? |
|
Definition
| It hydrolyses lecithin complexes in the membranes of the capillary endothelium and other cells, mitochondria and blood phospholipids, it also has haemolytic properties |
|
|
Term
| How does alpha toxin affect the colon? |
|
Definition
| It is suggested that the toxin may destroy the colonic epithelieum and intestinal vasculature |
|
|
Term
| What is an important consideration when doing a post-mortem regarding culture of samples? |
|
Definition
| C. diff can multiply post mortem, meaning that if you culture it and the numbers are low, it might not be cause to have a diagnose as C. diff |
|
|
Term
| How can maternal disease affect the foetus? |
|
Definition
Any condition that decreases the amount of circulating oxygen (colic, endotoxaemia, anaemia, hypotension pulomary disease, general anaesthesia) can decrease the foetal heart rate, which is an indicaion of stress.
Any condition the reduces feed intake or greatly increases the requirements for energy can reduce the nutrient supply for the foetus, as can placental ysfunction |
|
|
Term
| When should you monitor the health of the foetus? |
|
Definition
Late pregancy mares that are medically compromised
History of reproductive problems (incl twinning) |
|
|
Term
| How can you monitor the foetus? |
|
Definition
Ultrasound (can visualise,, mesure foetal fluids, take a foetal HR)
EKG hooked up to mares abdomen
Blood tests |
|
|
Term
| What are the prognosis and surgical indicators for colic? |
|
Definition
Pulse
Palpation
Perineial fluid
Passage of a stomach tube
Pain
\ |
|
|
Term
| What are the clinical signs of endotoxoaeima? |
|
Definition
Inappretance, colic, muscle fasiculations, Increased HR and RR, Pyrexia, brick red MM
Progressive signs:
Congested MM, dehydration, sweating, haemostatic disruption signs of organ failure |
|
|
Term
| What are some of the causes of DIC? |
|
Definition
Damage of the endothelium on a large scale.
Caused by:
Endotox
Viral infections
Dirofilaris
some neoplastic disorders
Shock
Haemolysis
Externsive tissue necrosis
local or systemic sepsis processes
GI disorders
Renal disease
IMHA |
|
|
Term
| What are some of the clinical signs of laminitis? |
|
Definition
| Increased digital pulse, 'hot feet', sensitive to hoof testers, coranary band swelling, rocking or shifting weight, dropped sole, sunken coranary bamd. walking on heels, lifting feet excessivly high |
|
|
