Term
|
Definition
Multicellular - made up of multiple cells
Heterotrophic - eat other animals to get energy
No cell walls - cells have no cell walls
Movement - can move at some point in their lives |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
About 35 major phyla
All animals in Phylum Chordata are vertebrates - have backbones, stiff internal skeletons, and crania
All other animals are invertebrates - no backbones |
|
|
Term
| What do skeletons provide? |
|
Definition
| Skeleton provides flexibility and support, which are needed for movement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Hydrostatic skeleton: a cavity in the animal filled with water. provides support (example: jellyfish)
Exoskeleton: hard skeleton that grows on the outside of the animal’s body and attaches to the muscles (example: beetle)
Endoskeleton: skeleton that grows within the animal (example: bird) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Breaks down the food the animal eats
Allows body to absorb nutrients
Allows body to get rid of unnecessary material |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| has one opening that food goes into and waste goes out of |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| has two openings - mouth and anus |
|
|
Term
| Examples of nervous systems |
|
Definition
Nerve net: nerve cells arranged into a nerve net, in simple animals
Ganglia: clusters of nerve cells that act as a primitive brain
Brain: clusters of nerve cells form a true brain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
System helps most animals respond to their environments
Made of specialized cells called nerve cells
Nerve cells carry messages in the form of electrical cells
Some animals have no nervous system
Others’ are very simple to very complex |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
All animals carry out aerobic respiration - cells take in O2 and get rid of CO2
Most animals have specialized respiratory systems to help them do this |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| feathery structures that exchange CO2 and O2 with the water around them, animals with gills generally cannot live on land |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| simple animals respiratory system |
|
Definition
| Cells in small simple animals are very close to the air, so they take in O2 and nutrients directly from the environment |
|
|
Term
| types of circulatory system |
|
Definition
Open circulatory system - blood leaves blood vessels, washes over tissues then reenters them
Closed circulatory system - blood never leaves blood vessels, gases and nutrients move to the body through the walls of the vessels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Some use only sexual
Some use both asexual and sexual |
|
|
Term
| Two characteristics that have evolved in more complex animals: |
|
Definition
True tissues
Bilateral symmetry |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
one side is a mirror image of the other
Most animals with bilateral symmetry have a head with many sensory organs this means that they show cephalization |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| repeating body parts arranged around a central point |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Earliest animals didn’t have tissues or organs; now all but the simplest animals have tissues, and many animals have organs
Earlier animals were probably asymmetrical; now animals have evolved to have radial symmetry and bilateral symmetry |
|
|
Term
| animal zygotes develop in a series of steps: |
|
Definition
Zygote divides by mitosis in a process called cleavage
Keeps dividing and dividing
Eventually, cleavage produces a hollow ball of cells called a blastula
One side of the blastula folds inwards to form a blastopore in a process called gastrulation, the blastula is now called a gastrula |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
During this process, cells in the gastrula divide and become more specialized
Animals develop from the gastrula in two main ways:
In protostomes, the blastopore becomes the mouth
In deuterostomes, the blastopore becomes the anus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the blastopore becomes the mouth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the blastopore becomes the anus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the opening of the central cavity of an embryo in the early stage of development |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Acoelomates - the space between its body covering and its gut is filled with tissue
Pseudocoelomates - the space between its body covering and its gut is filled with liquid
Coelomates - the space between its body covering and its gut is a fluid-filled space lined with tissue, t is called a coelom |
|
|
Term
| two body structures that make movement possible |
|
Definition
Jointed legs - allow complex movements
Segments - allow flexibility |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A dorsal nerve cord: in vertebrates, it develops into the spinal cord
A notochord: a stiff rod along the back of embryos, in most vertebrates it is only present in the embryo
Postanal tail: (self explanatory) in some animals it is only present in the embryo
Pharyngeal pouches: develop into either gills or structures on head and neck |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
500 million years ago: jawless fish evolved
430 million years ago: fish with jaws and paired fins evolved
these characteristics helped them find food
more successful predators
First land vertebrates were similar to fish; they had biny fin-leg-thingies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
They evolved 370 million years ago
At first, they looked a lot like fish
Over time they became more adapted for life on land |
|
|
Term
| characteristics that made amphibians more adapted for life on land |
|
Definition
Lungs that can exchange O2 and CO2 with the air (not the water)
A more efficient heart that can deliver more oxygen to its body
A strong internal skeleton and limbs that support their weight on land |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
they evolved 320 million years ago
Reptiles are more suited to life on land, because they don’t have to keep their skin and eggs moist
Lay amniotic eggs with tough, waterproof shells
Have dry, scaly skin that prevents them from drying out
Lived in places amphibians could not |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Dominated the land for over 150 million years
Evolved about 235 million years ago
Wide variety of dinosaurs
Scientists don’t know what caused the extinction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Evolved 150 million years ago
Evolved from a group of dinosaurs called theropods
The ability to fly began as a gliding ability
Made it easier for birds to avoid predators and find food |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Evolved about 220 million years ago
Evolved from a group of reptiles called therapsids
Early mammals were very small (not much larger than modern mice)
Probably ate mainly insects and lived in trees
Some lived in the water
While dinosaurs were alive, the mammal population was not very diverse
After the extinction, mammals took over their niches
During the Tertiary Period, there were many new types of mammals
Many species of mammals became extinct due to climate change and early human hunting |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| something in the environment that animals might respond to |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the animal’s reaction to the stimulus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| one or more actions that organism performs in response to the stimulus |
|
|
Term
| how do genetic factors influence behavior? |
|
Definition
| Genes may increase the likelihood that an animal will display a behavior |
|
|
Term
| how do environmental factors influence behavior? |
|
Definition
| The environment determines whether and how well the animals performs the behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Some behavior make an individual more likely to survive and reproduce
These advantages allow an animal to have more offspring, so she/he has a higher reproductive rate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A natural response to a stimulus that doesn’t develop through experience
Also called instinctive behaviors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| behaviors that always happen in the same way and are triggered by a stimulus in the environment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the development of behaviors through experience |
|
|
Term
| Four processes that cause learning: |
|
Definition
Habituation: when an animal learns not to respond to harmless, frequent or unimportant stimuli
Problem solving: when an animal draws a conclusion from facts or an assumption
Conditioning: when an animal learns to associate two factors
Imprinting: when a behavior develops only during a short period of the animal's life |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Classical conditioning: animal learns to associate and unrelated response with a stimulus
Operant conditioning: learning from trial and error |
|
|
Term
| to survive, animals need to: |
|
Definition
| animals need to avoid predators and find food |
|
|
Term
| broad groups based on types of food eaten |
|
Definition
Specialists: eat one or very few kinds of foods
Generalists: eat many kinds of foods |
|
|
Term
| defenses against predators |
|
Definition
physical defenses (like spikes)
Chemical defenses (like skunk spray)
Playing dead
Running away
Forming groups |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Behaviors that are repeated daily or seasonally |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| daily cycles (like sleep patterns and activity levels) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a behavior involving a sender and a reciever |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Chemical
Last longer in the environment than other signals
Can move over longer distances
Sight
Some animals use visual displays to seem threatening
Touch
Many animals use touch to build social bonds
Also used to reassure members of the group
Sound:
Better for getting attention
Can be heard over long distances
Language
A mode of communication that uses symbols to represent abstract concepts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| any interaction between individuals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Territorial behavior
Courtship
Sexual selection
Competition
Parental care
Cooperative behaviors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Territorial behavior:
When an animal defends part of a habitat against others of its species
Gives an individual access to resources |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Courtship: a behavior that leads to mating |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| females prefer males with a certain trait |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| males fight or display certain traits to impress |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
When parents provide food, shelter and/or care to their offspring
This helps the offspring survive
It requires more work from parents |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
When individuals interact to help eachother
Helps animals perform tasks they couldn’t do alone |
|
|
