Term
(1) The respiratory zone of the lungs is composed of:
(A) Terminal bronchioles
(B) Respiratory bronchioles
(C) Alveoli
(D) B and C only
(E) A, B, and C |
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Definition
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Term
(2) By the time inspired air reaches the respiratory exchange surfaces, the partial pressure of water (water vapor pressure) in this gas mixture is:
(A) 10 mm Hg
(B) 37 mm Hg
(C) 47 mm Hg
(D) 100 mmHg
(E) 760 mm Hg |
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Definition
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Term
(3) Which of the following is (are) responsible for the release of surfactant molecules into the air-filled lumen of the alveoli?
(A) Type I alveolar cell
(B) Type II alveolar cell
(C) Lung macrophages
(D) A and B only
(E) A, B, and C |
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Definition
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Term
(4) Which one of the following is NOT a barrier to gas exchange between red blood cells and the alveolar space?
(A) A fluid layer of water and surfactants covering the luminal surface of alveolar cells
(B) Basement membranes of endothelial and alveolar cells
(C) Alveolar cells
(D) Smooth muscle cells surrounding the endothelial cells
(E) The plasma membrane of the endothelial cells |
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Definition
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Term
(5) The maximum amount of air that can be expired after a maximum inspiration is:
(A) Tidal volume
(B) Vital capacity
(C) Expiratory reserve volume
(D) Inspiratory reserve volume
(E) Total lung volume |
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Definition
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Term
(6) This volume of air cannot be exhaled from the lungs regardless of the magnitude of expiration:
(A) Vital capacity
(B) Inspiratory reserve volume
(C) Residual volume
(D) Expiratory reserve volume
(E) Tidal volume |
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Definition
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Term
(7) If tidal volume is 150 ml and breathing rate is 25 breaths/min, what is the alveolar minute volume?
(A) 0 ml/min
(B) 20 ml/min
(C) 150 ml/min
(D) 3000 ml/min
(E) None of the above |
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Definition
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Term
(8) Given normal and resting ventilation and metabolic rates, the partial pressure of O2 in the systemic arteries is:
(A) 150 mm Hg
(B) 100 mm Hg
(C) 40 mm Hg
(D) 46 mm Hg
(E) 0 mm Hg |
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Definition
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Term
(9) Given normal and resting ventilation and metabolic rates, the partial pressure of CO2 in the systemic veins is:
(A) 150 mm Hg
(B) 100 mm Hg
(C) 40 mm Hg
(D) 46 mm Hg
(E) 0 mm Hg |
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Definition
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Term
(10) Approximately, how many alveoli are there in the lungs (both lungs combined) of a healthy adult human being?
(A) 300,000
(B) 3,000,000
(C) 30,000,000
(D) 300,000,000
(E) 300,000,000,000 |
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Definition
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Term
| (11) Because no gas exchange takes place between the conducting zone of the air passages and the surrounding tissues, this region is commonly referred to as: |
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Definition
| Correct answer: anatomical dead space OR dead anatomical space OR dead space |
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Term
(12) Peak elevation at Mount Baldy is 8,600 feet, where the barometric pressure is approximately 560 mm Hg. Approximately, what is the atmospheric partial pressure of O2 at the peak of Mount Baldy?
(A) 100 mm Hg
(B) 120 mm Hg
(C) 160 mm Hg
(D) 440 mm Hg
(E) 560 mm Hg |
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Definition
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Term
(13) Given normal and resting ventilation and metabolic rates, the partial pressure of O2 in the alveoli is:
(A) 150 mm Hg
(B) 100 mm Hg
(C) 40 mm Hg
(D) 46 mm Hg
(E) 0 mm Hg |
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Definition
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Term
(14) Given normal and resting ventilation and metabolic rates, the partial pressure of CO2 in the alveoli is:
(A) 150 mm Hg
(B) 100 mm Hg
(C) 40 mm Hg
(D) 46 mm Hg
(E) 0 mm Hg |
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Definition
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Term
(15) Given normal and resting ventilation and metabolic rates, the partial pressure of CO2 in the systemic arteries is:
(A) 150 mm Hg
(B) 100 mm Hg
(C) 40 mm Hg
(D) 46 mm Hg
(E) 0 mm Hg |
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Definition
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Term
(16) During an unforced expiration, which of the following muscles is/are activated?
(A) Internal intercostals
(B) External intercostals
(C) Abdominal muscles
(D) A and C only
(E) None of the above |
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Definition
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Term
(17) Which of the following muscles is (are) activated during forceful expiration?
(A) Internal intercostals
(B) External intercostals
(C) Abdominal muscles
(D) A and C only
(E) A, B, and C |
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Definition
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Term
| (18) The total O2 content of arterial blood is __________ ml%. Note: Your response should be a whole number. |
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Definition
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Term
| (19) Under normal physiological conditions, the O2 P50 value for human blood is __________ mm Hg. Note: Your response should be a whole number. |
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Definition
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Term
| (20) In the human body, the CO2 hydration reaction is catalyzed by this enzyme: |
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Definition
| Correct answer: Carbonic anhydrase OR Carbonate dehydratase |
|
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Term
| (21) The O2 P50 value of fetal hemoglobin is greater than the O2 P50 value of maternal hemoglobin. True or False? |
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Definition
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Term
(22) Which of the following decrease(s) the affinity of hemoglobin for O2?
(A) Elevated PCO2
(B) Elevated pH
(C) Increased temperature
(D) A and C only
(E) A, B, and C |
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Definition
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Term
23) The CO2 hydration reaction is shown below. In the pulmunary capillaries, the reaction equilibrium moves to the __________.
(A) right
(B) left |
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Definition
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Term
(24) Most of the circulating CO2 is in the form of:
(A) Dissolved CO2
(B) CO2 bound to hemoglobin
(C) Bicarbonate ions
(D) Canno be determined based on the information given
(E) None of the above |
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Definition
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Term
| (25) When CO2 is bound to hemoglobin, the complex is referred to as: |
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Definition
| Correct answer: carbaminohemoglobin |
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Term
| What is the osmolality of the descending loop of the nephron? The ascending loop? |
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Definition
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Term
(1) Based on your knowledge of hormones, which of the following will be transported in the plasma by being bound to a binding protein?
(A) Oxytocin
(B) Antidiuretic hormone
(C) Testosterone
(D) Epinephrine
(E) All of the above are transported while bound to a binding protein |
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Definition
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Term
(2) Which of the following organs/structures may be classified as a non-classical endocrine gland(s)?
(A) Skeletal muscle
(B) Heart
(C) Kidneys
(D) B and C only
(E) A, B, and C |
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Definition
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Term
(3) A hormone will elicit the proper response in its target cell if the following criteria are met:
(A) High affinity hormone-receptor interaction
(B) High specificity of hormone-receptor interaction
(C) Signal amplification within the target cell
(D) A and B only
(E) A, B, and C |
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Definition
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Term
(4) These hormones are transported in the blood by being bound to binding (or carrier) proteins:
(A) Catecholamines
(B) Steroids
(C) Thyroid hormones
(D) B and C only
(E) A, B, and C |
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Definition
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Term
| (5) In smooth muscle contraction, the majority of Ca2+ needed for contraction enters the cell from the extracellular fluid. True or False? |
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Definition
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Term
| (6) In smooth muscle, when cytoplasmic Ca2+ is elevated, Ca2+ binds to this regulatory protein in order to initiate muscle contraction. |
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Definition
| Correct answer: Calmodulin |
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Term
| (7) Transverse (t) tubules are present in smooth muscle. True or Falsetto? |
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Definition
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Term
(8) Which one of the following is NOT true about smooth muscle?
(A) Both actin and myosin are found in the smooth muscle cell cytoplasm, but these are not arranged in sarcomere units
(B) The needed Ca2+ for contraction comes primarily from the extracellular fluid
(C) Similar to skeletal muscle cells, smooth muscle cells are capable of only all-or-nothing twitches
(D) Smooth muscle cell contractions are weak but sustained
(E) Unlike the myosin molecules of skeletal muscle cells, the myosin found in smooth muscle cells is quite long, with its entire length covered with myosin head groups |
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Definition
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Term
(9) Thyroxine (T4), the product of the thyroid hormone feeds back negatively on the anterior pituitary gland. If due to some pathophysiological state, the amount of T4 in plasma is reduced to below normal, which of the following would you expect to see?
(A) Decreased metabolism
(B) Decreased level of TSH
(C) Increased level of TSH
(D) A and B only
(E) A and C only |
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Definition
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Term
(10) Which of the following is the predominantly active form of the thyroid hormone in most target tissues?
(A) T4
(B) T3
(C) Both are equally active in all target tissues |
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Definition
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Term
(11) In the plasma, this is the most abundant form of the thyroid hormones:
(A) T3
(B) T4
(C) Depends on physiological demands
(D) T3 and T4 are found at about the same concentration in plasma
(E) Reverse T3 |
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Definition
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Term
(12) A single twitch of a smooth muscle cell can last:
(A) 1 - 2 ms
(B) 10 - 100 ms
(C) 200 - 300 ms
(D) 0.5 - 5 s
(E) All of the above are possible |
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Definition
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Term
(13) Which of the following directly activates myosin light chain kinase in smooth muscle cells?
(A) Ca2+ alone
(B) Calmodulin alone
(C) Ca2+-calmodulin complex
(D) Myosin light chain phosphatase
(E) None of the above |
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Definition
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Term
(14) Which of the following is not present in smooth muscle?
(A) Actin
(B) Myosin
(C) Troponin
(D) Tropomyosin
(E) C and D |
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Definition
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Term
(15) The hormone primarily responsible for setting the basal metabolic rate and for promoting maturation of the brain is:
(A) ACTH
(B) Cortisol
(C) Testosterone
(D) T3
(E) Insulin |
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Definition
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Term
(16) What is the function of the adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)?
(A) Stimulation of thyroid hormone production and release
(B) Stimulation of cortisol production and release
(C) Stimulation of growth hormone production and release
(D) Stimulation of milk production by the mammary glands
(E) Inhibition of milk production by the mammary glands |
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Definition
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Term
(16) What is the function of the adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)?
(A) Stimulation of thyroid hormone production and release
(B) Stimulation of cortisol production and release
(C) Stimulation of growth hormone production and release
(D) Stimulation of milk production by the mammary glands
(E) Inhibition of milk production by the mammary glands |
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Definition
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Term
(17) The function carried out by this protein forms the first and rate-limiting step in the process of iodide accumulation by the thyroid gland.
(A) Na+/K+/ATPase
(B) Na+/I- cotransporter (also called Na+/I- symporter)
(C) An as yet unidentified iodide channel
(D) The TSH receptor
(E) Thyroglobulin |
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Definition
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Term
| (18) This enzyme is responsible for the incorporation of iodide into thyroglobulin: |
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Definition
| Correct answer: Thyroid peroxidase |
|
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Term
| (19) This molecule is the precursor of all steroid hormones: |
|
Definition
| Correct answer: Cholesterol |
|
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Term
| (20) This enzyme is responsible for the intracellular conversion of T4 to T3 in target tissues: |
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Definition
| Correct answer: Deiodinase |
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Term
(21) For hydrophobic hormones, most of the circulating hormone is in this form:
(A) Free hormone dissolved in plasma
(B) Hormone bound to binding proteins |
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Definition
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Term
(22) Which of the following is a releasing or inhibiting factor released by the hypothalamus?
(A) Oxytocin
(B) Dopamine
(C) Adrenocorticotropic hormone
(D) Prolactin
(E) Growth hormone |
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Definition
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Term
| (23) This hormone induces uterine smooth muscle contraction as well as milk ejection in mammary glands. |
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Definition
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Term
| (24) Name one hormone that is produced by the hypothalamus but released in the posterior pituitary gland. |
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Definition
| Correct answer: Oxytocin OR Antidiuretic hormone OR Vasopressin |
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Term
| (25) This hormone is secreted by parafollicular cells (or C cells) of the thyroid gland. |
|
Definition
| Correct answer: Calcitonin |
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Term
(1) What is the function of the adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)?
(A) Stimulation of thyroid hormone production and release
(B) Stimulation of cortisol production and release
(C) Stimulation of growth hormone production and release
(D) Stimulation of milk production by the mammary glands
(E) Inhibition of milk production by the mammary glands |
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Definition
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Term
| (2) This hormone is synthesized and secreted by pancreatic beta cells. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| (3) This hormone is synthesized and secreted by pancreatic alpha cells. |
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Definition
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Term
(4) These potassium channels are important in the function of pancreatic cells that are responsible for insulin secretion.
(A) Voltage-gated K+ channels similar to those found in neurons
(B) KATP channels
(C) Ca2+-activated K+ channels
(D) B and C only
(E) A, B, and C |
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Definition
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Term
(5) Which of the following is a target cell for insulin?
(A) Skeletal muscle cells
(B) Adipose cells
(C) Liver cells
(D) A and C only
(E) A, B, and C |
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Definition
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Term
(6) The facilitative glucose transporter isoform that is regulated by insulin in its target tissues is:
(A) GLUT1
(B) GLUT2
(C) GLUT3
(D) GLUT4
(E) GLUT5 |
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Definition
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Term
| (7) This enzyme is responsible for the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II within the circulation. |
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Definition
| Correct answer: Angiotensin converting enzyme |
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Term
(8) This hormone leads to an increase in plasma glucose levels:
(A) Insulin
(B) Glucagon
(C) Aldosterone
(D) Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
(E) None of the above |
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Definition
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Term
(9) An increase in glucose concentration in the extracellular fluid of pancreatic insulin-secreting cells results in the generation of action potentials in these cells. The action potentials ultimately lead to insulin secretion. Which of the following channels is (are) responsible for the initial depolarization to threshold?
(A) Voltage-gated K+ channels similar to those found in neurons
(B) Voltage-gated Na+ channels similar to those found in neurons
(C) KATP channels
(D) Ca2+-activated K+ channels (also referred to as maxi K channels)
(E) Voltage-gated Ca2+ channels similar to those found in neurons |
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Definition
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Term
(10) An increase in glucose concentration in the extracellular fluid of pancreatic insulin-secreting cells results in the generation of action potentials in these cells. The action potentials ultimately lead to insulin secretion. Which of the following channels is (are) responsible for the spike phase of the action potential?
(A) Voltage-gated K+ channels similar to those found in neurons
(B) Voltage-gated Na+ channels similar to those found in neurons
(C) KATP channels
(D) Ca2+-activated K+ channels (also referred to as maxi K channels)
(E) Voltage-gated Ca2+ channels similar to those found in neurons |
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Definition
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Term
(11) An increase in glucose concentration in the extracellular fluid of pancreatic insulin-secreting cells results in the generation of action potentials in these cells. The action potentials ultimately lead to insulin secretion. Which of the following channels is (are) responsible for membrane repolarization back to the resting potential?
(A) Voltage-gated K+ channels similar to those found in neurons
(B) Voltage-gated Na+ channels similar to those found in neurons
(C) KATP channels
(D) Ca2+-activated K+ channels (also referred to as maxi K channels)
(E) Voltage-gated Ca2+ channels similar to those found in neurons |
|
Definition
|
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Term
| (12) Name only one membrane protein that is a component of epithelial tight junctions. |
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Definition
| Correct answer: Occludin OR Claudin |
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Term
(13) This hormone leads to a decrease in plasma glucose levels:
(A) Insulin
(B) Glucagon
(C) Aldosterone
(D) Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
(E) None of the above |
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Definition
|
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Term
| (14) The endocrine component of the pancreas is composed of clusters of endocrine cells known as the: |
|
Definition
| Correct answer: Islet of Langerhans OR Islets of Langerhans |
|
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Term
| (15) This large circulating protein is the precursor of angiotensin I: |
|
Definition
| Correct answer: Angiotensinogen OR Alpha 2 globulin |
|
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Term
| (16) In response to a decrease in blood volume and/or blood pressure, the juxtaglomerular cells of kidney tubules release this hormone/enzyme into the bloodstream: |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| (17) These steroid hormones are thought to be responsible for the development of secondary sexual characteristics: |
|
Definition
| Correct answer: Androgens |
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Term
| (18) The parathyroid hormone is released by __________ cells of the parathyroid glands. |
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Definition
|
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Term
(19) This hormone is the major secretory product of the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex:
(A) Aldosterone
(B) Cortisol
(C) Androgens
(D) Epinephrine |
|
Definition
|
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Term
(20) This hormone is the major secretory product of the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex:
(A) Aldosterone
(B) Cortisol
(C) Androgens
(D) Epinephrine |
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Definition
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Term
(21) This hormone is the major secretory product of the adrenal medulla:
(A) Aldosterone
(B) Cortisol
(C) Androgens
(D) Epinephrine |
|
Definition
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Term
(22) Which of the following is (are) considered to stimulate the synthesis and secretion of aldosterone?
(A) A rise in plasma K+ concentration
(B) A rise in plasma Na+ concentration
(C) Angiotensin II
(D) A and C only
(E) A, B, and C |
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Definition
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Term
(23) The insulin receptor is a:
(A) G-protein coupled receptor
(B) Tyrosine kinase receptor
(C) Ligand-gated ion channel
(D) Ligand-activated transcription factor
(E) None of the above |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 24) This hormone leads to an increase in the plasma Ca2+ concentration: |
|
Definition
| Correct answer: Parathyroid hormone OR Parathyroid |
|
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Term
(25) The thyroid hormones enter target cells by:
(A) Simple diffusion through the plasma membrane
(B) Being transported by the organic anion transporter
(C) A and B |
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Definition
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Term
(1) Most of the reabsorbed water in the kidney is reabsorbed across the walls of the:
(A) Proximal tubules
(B) Ascending limb of the loop of Henle
(C) Descending limb of the loop of Henle
(D) Distal tubules
(E) Collecting ducts |
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Definition
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Term
(2) Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in an average-sized individual is:
(A) 100 ml/min
(B) 125 ml/min
(C) 525 ml/min
(D) 625 ml/min
(E) 1250 ml/min |
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Definition
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Term
(3) Which of the following is (are) responsible for the high GFR demonstrated by vertebrate animals (e.g., humans)?
(A) High blood hydrostatic pressures in the glomerular capillaries
(B) High permeability of the glomerular capillaries
(C) High hydrostatic pressure of the fluid in the Bowman's capsule
(D) A and B only
(E) A, B, and C |
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Definition
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Term
(4) In order for plasma to be filtered across the glomerulus, it must go through the following physical barriers:
(A) Fenestrated endothelial cells of the glomerular capillary
(B) Basement membrane of the glomerular capillary
(C) Fenestrae of epithelial cells (podocytes) of the Bowman's capsule
(D) A and B only
(E) A, B, and C |
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Definition
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Term
(5) Which one of the following sequence of blood flow through the nephron ultrastructure is correct?
(A) Afferent arteriole → glomerular capillary → peritubular capillaries/vasa recta → efferent arteriole
(B) Efferent arteriole → glomerular capillary → afferent arteriole → peritubular capillaries/vasa recta
(C) Afferent arteriole → peritubular capillaries/vasa recta → glomerular capillary → efferent arteriole
(D) Afferent arteriole → glomerular capillary → efferent arteriole → peritubular capillaries/vasa recta
(E) Glomerular capillaries → afferent arteriole → efferent arteriole → peritubular capillaries/vasa recta |
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Definition
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Term
(6) The blood-to-urine barrier allows the passage of molecules of up to:
(A) 400 Daltons
(B) 4,000 Daltons
(C) 40,000 Daltons
(D) 400,000 Daltons
(E) 4,000,000 Daltons |
|
Definition
|
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Term
(7) The hydrostatic pressure in the glomerular capillaries is approximately:
(A) 10 mm Hg
(B) 20 mm Hg
(C) 40 mm Hg
(D) 60 mm Hg
(E) 80 mm Hg |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| (8) These renal cells have foot-like processes that wrap tightly around glomerular capillaries: |
|
Definition
| Correct answer: Podocyte OR Podocytes |
|
|
Term
| (9) The cells of this region of the distal tubule make close contact with afferent and efferent arterioles of the same nephron: |
|
Definition
| Correct answer: Macula densa |
|
|
Term
(10) In the presence of ADH, the greatest fraction of the filtered plasma is reabsorbed in the:
(A) Proximal tubules
(B) Loops of Henle
(C) Distal tubules
(D) Collecting ducts
(E) Cannot be determined based on the information provided |
|
Definition
|
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Term
(11) In the absence of ADH, the greatest fraction of the filtered plasma is reabsorbed in the:
(A) Proximal tubules
(B) Loops of Henle
(C) Distal tubules
(D) Collecting ducts
(E) Cannot be determined based on the information provided |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
(12) Which of the following is true about glucose reabsorption in kidney tubules?
(A) 90% of the filtered glucose is reabsorbed across the proximal tubule and the rest across the distal tubule
(B) Glucose entry into the epithelial cells of the kidney tubules through the apical membrane requires direct participation of ATP
(C) In the absence of Na+ in the fluid in the lumen of kidney nephrons, no glucose can be reabsorbed
(D) The exit of glucose across the basal membrane of kidney nephron cells is by co-transport with Na+
(E) None of the above |
|
Definition
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Term
(13) At any given level along the ascending limb of the loop of Henle, the osmolarity of the fluid in the lumen is __________ the osmolarity of the surrounding interstitial fluid.
(A) lower than
(B) equal to
(C) higher than |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
(14) The lowest concentration of plasma glucose that will give rise to the excretion of glucose in urine is approximately:
(A) 100 mg/dl
(B) 150 mg/dl
(C) 200 mg/dl
(D) 250 mg/dl
(E) 300 mg/dl |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
(15) The function of the loop of Henle is to:
(A) Create a longitudinal medullary concentration gradient in the kidney
(B) Concentrate urine
(C) Maintain the longitudinal medullary concentration gradient
(D) Reabsorb most of Na+ and Cl- that is reabsorbed by the kidney tubules
(E) All of the above |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| (16) The least concentrated urine that the human kidney can produce is __________ mOsm/kg. Note: Your response should be a whole number. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| (17) The highest urine osmolality that the human kidney can produce is __________ mOsm/kg. Note: Your response should be a whole number. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
(18) At any given level along the descending limb of the loop of Henle, the osmolarity of the fluid in the lumen is __________ the osmolarity of the surrounding interstitial fluid.
(A) lower than
(B) equal to
(C) higher than |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
(19) The function of the collecting duct is to:
(A) Create a longitudinal medullary concentration gradient in the kidney
(B) Concentrate urine
(C) Maintain the longitudinal medullary concentration gradient
(D) Reabsorb most of Na+ and Cl- that is reabsorbed by the kidney tubules
(E) All of the above |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| (20) This hormone promotes Na+ conservation, K+ loss, and water reabsorption in the distal tubule. |
|
Definition
| Correct answer: Aldosterone |
|
|
Term
| (21) Of the five epithelial junctions discussed in class, this junction type is responsible for regulating the permeability of the paracellular pathway in epithelial sheets. |
|
Definition
| Correct answer: Tight junction OR Tight junctions |
|
|
Term
(22) An increase in plasma osmolality leads to a(n) __________ in the circulating levels of the antidiuretic hormone (ADH).
(A) decrease
(B) increase |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| (23) In the presence of the antidiuretic hormone, the water that is reabsorbed from the lumen of the collecting duct is returned to the circulation via capillaries referred to as the: |
|
Definition
| Correct answer: vasa recta |
|
|
Term
| (24) Molecules reabsorbed from the lumen of the proximal tubule are returned to the circulation via the __________ capillaries. |
|
Definition
| Correct answer: peritubular |
|
|
Term
(25) The antidiuretic hormone induces the trafficking of this water channel (aquaporin) isoform to the apical membrane of epithelial cells in the collecting duct.
(A) AQP1
(B) AQP2
(C) AQP3
(D) AQP4
(E) AQP5 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The function of the gastrointestinal tract can be summarized by the following
mechanism(s):
(A) Motility;
(B) Secretion;
(C) Digestion;
(D) Absorption;
(E) All of the above |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which one of the following is consistent with absorption of glucose molecules
across the intestinal epithelium?
(A) Glucose enters the intestinal epithelial cell through glucose channels in the apical membrane and leaves the cell through the basal membrane by facilitated diffusion;
(B) Glucose enters through the apical membrane by facilitated diffusion and leaves through the basal membrane by facilitated diffusion also;
(C) Glucose enters the cell through the apical membrane by co-transport with Na+ and leaves the cell through the basal membrane by facilitated diffusion;
(D) Glucose enters the cell through the apical membrane by facilitated diffusion and leaves the cell through the basal membrane by co-transport with Na+
(E) None of the above |
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Definition
(C) Glucose enters the cell through the
apical membrane by co-transport with Na+
and leaves the cell through the basal membrane by
facilitated diffusion |
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Term
Most of the water and electrolytes absorbed across the walls of the GI tract is
absorbed in this region:
(A) Stomach;
(B) Small intestine;
(C) Large intestine. |
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Definition
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Term
Fat digestion begins in this region of the gastrointestinal tract:
(A) Mouth;
(B) Stomach;
(C) Duodenum of the small intestine;
(D) Jejunum of the small intestine;
(E) Large intestine |
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Definition
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Term
Protein digestion begins in this region of the gastrointestinal tract:
(A) Mouth;
(B) Stomach;
(C) Duodenum of the small intestine;
(D) Jejunum of the small intestine;
(E) Large intestine. |
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Definition
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Term
Carbohydrate digestion begins in this region of the gastrointestinal tract:
(A) Mouth;
(B) Stomach;
(C) Duodenum of the small intestine;
(D) Jejunum of the small intestine;
(E) Large intestine |
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Definition
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Term
Nucleic acid digestion begins in this region of the gastrointestinal tract:
(A) Mouth;
(B) Stomach;
(C) Duodenum of the small intestine;
(D) Jejunum of the small intestine;
(E) Large intestine |
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Definition
| (C) Duodenum of the small intestine |
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Term
Before fat molecules are eventually placed into micelles in the lumen of the GI
tract, they are digested by pancreatic lipase to form:
(A) Free fatty acids;
(B) Glycerol;
(C) Monoglycerides;
(D) A and B;
(E) A and C |
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Definition
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Term
The chemical digestion of this class of compounds begins in the small intestine.
(A) Proteins;
(B) Lipids;
(C) Nucleic acids;
(D) A, B, and C;
(E) B and C only. |
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Definition
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Term
In the stomach, HCl is secreted by:
(A) HCl cells;
(B) Neurons of the enteric nervous system;
(C) Parietal cells;
(D) Goblet Cells;
(E) Chief cells. |
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Definition
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Term
All of the following are secreted by the pancreas into the duodenal region of the
small intestine EXCEPT:
(A) Bicarbonate;
(B) Amylase;
(C) Nuclease;
(D) Peptidase;
(E) Intrinsic factor. |
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Definition
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Term
Parietal cells are responsible for secreting:
(A) HCl;
(B) Pepsinogen;
(C) Intrinsic factor;
(D) A and C;
(E) A, B, and C. |
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Definition
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Term
pH of the gastric fluid is about:
(A) 1.5;
(B) 3.5;
(C) 5.5;
(D) 7.5;
(E) 9.5 |
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Definition
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Term
The function of the loop of Henle is to:
(A) Create a longitudinal medullary concentration gradient in the kidney;
(B) Concentrate the urine;
(C) Maintain the longitudinal
medullary concentration gradient;
(D Reabsorb most of Na+ and Cl- that is reabsorbed by the
kidney tubules;
(E) All of the above. |
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Definition
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Term
The function of the collecting duct is to: (A) Create a,longitudinal medullary concentration gradient in the kidney;
(B) Concentrate the urine;
(C) Maintain the longitudinal
medullary concentration gradient;
(D Reabsorb most of Na+ and Cl-that is reabsorbed by the
kidney tubules;
(E) All of the above. |
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Definition
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Term
The function of the vasa recta is to: (A) Create a longitudinal medullary
concentration gradient in the kidney;
(B) Concentrate the urine;
(C) Maintain the longitudinal medullary concentration gradient;
(D) Reabsorb most of Na+ and Cl- that is reabsorbed by the kidney tubules;
(E) All of the above. |
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Definition
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Term
Which one of the following is NOT true about smooth muscle?
(A) Both actin and myosin are found in the smooth muscle cell cytoplasm, but these are not arranged in
sarcomere units;
(B) The needed Ca2+ for contraction comes primarily from the extracellular fluid;
(C) Similar to skeletal muscle cells, smooth muscle cells are capable of only all-or-nothing
twitches;
(D) Smooth muscle cell contractions are weak but sustained; (E) Unlike the myosin
molecules of skeletal muscle cells, the myosin found in smooth muscle cells is quite long, with
its entire length covered with myosin head groups. |
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Definition
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Term
The Na+/glucose cotransporter is found in both the proximal tubule as well as the
distal tubule. True or False? |
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Definition
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Term
Under normal physiological conditions, albumin (MW 67 kDa) readily crosses
the glomerular filtration barriers. True or False? |
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Definition
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Term
Consider two molecules that are identical in molecular weight but different in their three-dimensional shape. One is globular in shape and the other is elongated. Based on this
information, assess the validity of the following statement: The globular molecule crosses the glomerular filtration barrier with greater ease. True or False? |
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Definition
| True. The globular molecule is more hydrophobic. We know this due to hydrophobic molecules' nature to fold in upon itself to reduce surface exposure to water. |
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Term
An increase in plasma osmolality stimulates vasopressin secretion into the
bloodstream. True or False? |
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Definition
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Term
| The epithelial Na+ channels (ENaC) of distal tubular cells play a dominant role in obligatory tubular Na+ reabsorption. |
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Definition
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Term
| The descending limb of the loop of Henle is permeable to water but not salts. True or False? |
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Definition
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