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| a specific characteristic that can be described by a phenotype or genotype |
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| genetic makeup; the key determinant of a phenotype;what can be changed with breeding methods |
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| a classification for animals with similar genotypes for a specific trait |
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| performance or category; determined by genotype and environment. favorable changes in genotype result in improved phenotypes |
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| the effect that nongenetic (external) factors have on animal performance; environment is the key determinant of phenotype |
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| What's the difference between trait and phenotype |
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| a trait could be coat color, and a phenotype could be black coat color. the phenoytpe describes the trait. |
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| Genotype by environment Interaction |
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| a dependent relationship between genotypes and the environment. Different genotypes can be adjusted to varying environments. For a situation to fit the description of G x E interactions, the difference between the two genotypes' (i.e. two animals') performances are not the same in the two different environments. |
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| sensible goals for breeding programs, based on the needs of the breeder and in terms of the animal's performance/abilities/capacity, often in an attempt to create the best animal. Breeding objectives work in a pyramidal system - with elite breeders at the top producing advanced animals, breeders in the middle that replicate those animals, then end users at the bottom. The end users should determine the specific breeding objectives of the breeders, but they are usually influenced by advertisement from the breeders, creating distorted breeding objectives. |
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| a race of animals within a species. Different breeds are often adapted to different conditions |
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| the part of the pyramidal system of breeding objectives who should determine what the breeding objectives are based on their particular needs. |
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| genetic material (genes, DNA expression) in the form of live animals, semen, embryos |
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| a breeder who's primary concern in breeding is creating a product that is a commodity for public consumption. The "best animal" is often defined in terms of production efficiency, performance, adequately adapted to environment, etc. |
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| animals whose role is to be a parent, dene donator. Can be male or female. Seedstock producers are often breeders of purebreds, but not always. |
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| wholly of one family line, heritage, breed. |
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| a group of related animals within a breed |
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| level of performance that is optimal in terms of profitability or function. The happy medium in a trait. Does not always have to be measurable, but could be more abstract such as an increase of uniformity. |
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| a group of species, referring to a breed, species, group within a head, etc. The purpose of animal breeding is to improve such populations by improving future generations of animals. |
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| the process of choosing which individuals will become parents, how many offspring they produce, and how long they remain in the breeding population. This is the tool used for making long-term genetic changes in animals. The basic idea is to let the individuals with the best set of genes reproduce so that the next generation has, on average, more desirable genes than the current generation. |
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| a selection of which animals are more fit to survive, one made without the interference of human control. This is the greatest evolutionary force that fuels genetic change in all living things. It affects both wild and domestic animals and often decides who is fit to be parents. |
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| selection made that is under human control. It has two main aspects: replacement selection and culling. |
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| the process that determines which individuals will become parents for the first time, or for the first time in your herd. |
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| Removal of individuals that we're previously parents. Often when ewes have not lambed in over a year, they are culled or sold . |
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| artificially impregnating females from collected semen of males |
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| the only information used is the individual performance of the animal being considered for selection, in other words, selection is based solely on its phenotype. |
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| the relationship between phenotype and breeding value; a measure of the strength of the relationship between breeding values and phenotypes for a trait in a population |
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| systematic measurement of performance (phenotype) in a population. Seedstock producers and commercial producers practice performance testing |
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| info on the genotype or performance of ancestors and/or collateral relatives of an individual used for breeding purposes; used to predict breeding values and to learn something about the genes made available to the offspring through its parents |
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| individuals that are neither direct ancestors nor descendants i.e. sister, brother, uncle, aunt, niece, nephew, etc; the purpose of the information is to predict breeding values |
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| information on the genotype or performance of descendants of a individual; used to predict breeding values, especially when individual performance info is unavailable (i.e. dairy sires don't produce milk so use info of female relatives) |
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| a measure of the strength of the relationship between true values and their predictions, we use information on relatives because it increased the accuracy of our predictions |
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| the measurement of data, statistical procedures, and computational techniques for predicting breeding values and related values, predictions are based on performance information of relatives |
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| a list of genetic predictions, accuracy values, and other useful information about sires, used to most outstanding sires |
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| A trait affected by many genes, no single gene having an overriding influence |
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| a trait affected by only few genes |
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| Naturally without horns, a characteristic determined by one pair of genes |
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| a gene that has a readily discernible effect on a trait |
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| the process that determines the breeds from which parents are selected, provides a way of using breed differences to make a very rapid genetic change |
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| the process that determines which males are bred to which females. It is different from selection because rather than selecting which animals you wnt to be parents, you are selecting which males will be matched to which females. |
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| a set of rules for mating. There are various rules, each resulting in different outcome |
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| an improvement in the overall performance of offspring resulting from mating individuals with different but complimentary breeding values (breeding a large animal with a small one to get medium-sized offspring.) |
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| the mating of sires of one breed of breed combo to dams of a different breed or breed combo |
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| having parents of two different breeds or breed combinations |
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| an increase in the performance of hybrids over that of purebreds, most noticeably in traits like fertility and survivability |
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| an individual that is a combo of species breeds within a species, or lines within breeds |
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| the reverse of hybrid vigor - a decrease in the performance of inbreds, most noticeably in traits like fertility and survivability |
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| a mating designed to correct the progeny faults of one or more parents |
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