Term
| Thorndike's Law of Effect |
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Definition
| behavior is a function of its consequences |
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Term
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Definition
| experience that strengthens behavior and increases its probability of happening again |
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Term
| Who came up with the 3-term contingency? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| operatant/intrumental conditioning |
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Term
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Definition
1. Antecedent: discriminative stimulu
2. Behavioral Response: Operant
3. Consequence |
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Term
| How are skinner and Darwin similar? |
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Definition
| look at adaptations in behavior over generations or in a lifetime |
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Term
| Where does NEW behavior come from? |
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Definition
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Term
| both _____ and ______ can be shaped |
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Definition
| adaptive and nonadaptive behavior |
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Term
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Definition
reinforcement of successive approximation to behavior
ex: pigeons pecking keys to get food
reward each step (movement toward key, in front of key, peck key) |
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Term
| Example of shaping in wild |
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Definition
| when tide is low, otters eat clams in water. learn how to dive into deep water to get clams |
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Term
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Definition
| decrease probability of behavior occurring |
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Term
| what are the variables that affect punishment? |
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Definition
1. intensity
2. contingency
3. contiguity
4. reinforcement and punishment
5. deprivation level
6. brevity |
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Term
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Definition
| punishment should be short to avoid habituation |
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Term
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Definition
stronger punishments suppress behavior more
ex: shock for aversive control |
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Term
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Definition
degree to which a punishing event is contingent on behavior
CONSISTENCY |
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Term
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Definition
IMMEDIACY
delay between the behavior and punishment
longer delay = less suppression of behavior |
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Term
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Definition
1. escape-avoidance
2. aggression
3. apathy
4. abuse
5. imitation of the punisher (modeling) |
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Term
| Who came up with INSIGHTFUL LEARNING? |
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Definition
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Term
| What kind of psychologist was Wolfgang Kohler? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
chimpanzees come up with solutions to problems
classical monkey, boxes, and banana experiment |
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Term
| What are the criticisms to Kohler's insight theory? |
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Definition
| cannot prove that the chimps did not have prior experience with these situations |
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Term
| Define: Insightful learning |
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Definition
solve problems suddenly without prior experience
no prior learning |
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Term
| Peckstein + Brown: insight learning |
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Definition
solutions do not emerge suddenly; came about gradually through reinforcement
-chimps took 11 trials over 4 days to learn to put 2 sticks together to retrieve food |
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Term
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Definition
| monkeys learned to find food after they had practice |
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Term
| Epstein: insightful learning |
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Definition
Pigeons
taught how to move box to specific spot, reinforced to stand on box, to peck banana |
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Term
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Definition
| learning environmental layout and recalling the placement of objects in it |
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Term
| Clark's Nutcracker: Brain |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
direct relationship of learning and memory to survival
buries seeds in fall and retrieves in the winter (up to 4,000 seeds) |
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Term
| Why are food hoarding birds more likely to retrieve nuts that they buried recently? |
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Definition
| forgetting is adaptive because over time other animals may have found their seeds |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| map in head that allows for you to navigate spatially |
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Term
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Definition
| chimps carried while food was hidden searched in a path that was distinct from how they traveled |
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Term
| why is learning adaptive? |
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Definition
| trial and error is not an adequate solution |
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Term
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Definition
| learning that has occurred but hasn't been demonstrated yet |
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Term
| vicarious operant learning/observational learning: monkeys |
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Definition
| monkeys that watched another solve a problem (pull chain to get raisins) were able to do it themselves |
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Term
| Presumptions of learning theorists before 1950s |
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Definition
learning is a general process
principles of conditioning and learning can occur in all species and for all behaviors |
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Term
| Presumptions of learning theorists after 1950 |
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Definition
-looked at wider number of species in natural setting
-individual differences in learning |
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Term
| Who came up with INSTINCTIVE DRIFT? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| tendency of animal to revert to a Fixed Action Pattern |
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Term
| Rats: experiment: Cognitive Map |
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Definition
Rats in 8-arm radial maze
rats learn to get food from each arm and to not revisit ones they already took food out of |
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Term
| Adaptive advantage of imitation |
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Definition
complex acts can be acquired quickly and efficiently
operant conditioning of the same behaviors would take too long |
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Term
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Definition
| what an animal has learned depended completely on experience |
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Term
| Instinctive drift: Raccoon example |
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Definition
train raccoons to pick up coins and put them in small metal box
could pick up and place only 1 coin into the box when prompted to put 2 coins into the box at a time rubbed coins together instead |
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Term
| Define: learning preparedness |
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Definition
| -each species genetically predispositioned to learn ion some ways and not others |
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Term
| Define: Avoidance Behavior |
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Definition
| -animal conditioned to avoid unpleasant stimuli |
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Term
| Bolles' rats: Avoidance behavior |
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Definition
how avoidance behaviors are learned in an experiment depends on how similar desired response resembles innate avoidance tendencies
ex: rats require ~5 trials to learn to run from one box to another to avoid shock
need hundreds of trials to learn how to press a bar to avoid shock
in natural habitats, rats run away from threats |
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Term
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Definition
| capturing, finding food to survive |
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Term
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Definition
| 2 species that evolve at same time in co-dependence |
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Term
| Who came up with learning preparedness? |
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Definition
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Term
| List: 3 ways in which organisms can come to learning situation |
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Definition
1. prepared (quick learning)
2. unprepared (slower)
3. contraprepared (unlikely) |
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Term
| Examples of how organisms are adept to learning about fears |
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Definition
1. human infants spend more time gazing at lines that look like a spider than random lines
2. monkeys that observe another monkey showing fear to a flower and a snake. observer monkey has increased fear of snake, but not flower |
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Term
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Definition
australian birds that can use tools
(previously only thought that primates could use tools) |
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Term
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Definition
New Zealand bird
notorious for being attracted to new things and exploring
solved puzzles more quickly than New Caledonian Crows |
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Term
| 3 Examples of problem solving in birds |
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Definition
1. new calidonian crows use tools
2. New Zealand KEA solves puzzles faster than crows
3. crows + vending machine |
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Term
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Definition
| long-lasting change in behavior due to experience |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| who started the "golden age of behaviorism" ? |
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Definition
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Term
| Watson's contributions to research |
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Definition
said we need to be objective
studied rats in lab
CONTROLLED ENVIRONMENT |
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Term
| 3 most basic forms of learning |
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Definition
| habituation and sensitization |
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Term
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Definition
repeated exposure to stimulus until it no longer responds to it
ex: fetal movement due to noise |
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Term
| why is habituation important? |
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Definition
| reflexive responses are expensive energy-wise |
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Term
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Definition
habituate to mirror image
aggression towards mirror goes away |
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Term
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Definition
-increased responsiveness to stimulus
ex: blowfly's response to water droplets
sensitized after add sugar to the water |
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Term
| Classical Conditioning: WHO? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
1. unconditional
2. conditional |
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Term
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Definition
-found in all members of a species
-varies little
-are present at birth
ex: salivation to food in mouth |
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Term
| Example from Pavlov's dog experiments: unconditional reflexes |
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Definition
| salivation to food in mouth |
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Term
| Neutral stimulus may become _____ with proper pairing |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
biologically relevant stimulus
(food, looming, loud sounds, etc) |
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Term
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Definition
reaction to unconditioned stimulus
REFLEXIVE |
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Term
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Definition
| stimulus paired with unconditional stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
response elicited after repeated pairings by the conditioned stimulus
RESEMBLES UR |
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Term
| CS does not substitute for US, instead... |
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Definition
| CS prepares organism for US |
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Term
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Definition
| satisfying state of affairs strengthens connections between neurons |
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Term
| ____ is the only constant |
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Definition
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Term
| why isn't change always progressive? |
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Definition
| progressivism is hard to define because it is so subjective |
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Term
| Adaptive changes in a species are a product of... (2) |
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Definition
| VARIATION and NATURAL SELECTION |
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Term
| What are the problems of natural selection? (3) |
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Definition
1. it is SLOW
2. cannot cope with abrupt changes in environment because change occurs over generations
3. natural selection does not help individuals that are already alive |
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Term
| 2 things that interfere with the learning process |
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Definition
1. how you come to learning situation
2. instinctive drift |
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Term
| 2 things that interfere with the learning process |
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Definition
1. how you come to learning situation
2. instinctive drift |
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Term
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Definition
-usually a novel food
-can be learned in only 1 trial
-associate specific stimuli (ex: brightness, louddnes, etc) |
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Term
| Criticisms of Garcia's taste aversion |
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Definition
shouldn't take only 1 trial
equipotentiality is questionable |
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Term
| Why does parent-offpsring recognition develop quickly in bank swallows and cliff swallows and slowly in northern rough-winged and barn swallows? |
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Definition
because bank and cliff swallows nest in large colonies
northern rough-winged are more solitary |
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Term
| How do Bonobos solve disputes? |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe Bonobos' social system |
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Definition
-solve disputes with sex
-matriarchical
-males stay with natural group and females wander off to find high-ranking females and engage in genital-genital rubbing to affiliate to new group |
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